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>top-down approach
-Interpretations embedded
-In writings, logic, prayer
-Inspiration |
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>bottom-up approach
-interpretations tested and retested
-faliable
-challenges important
-source is a body of knowledge that can be refuted |
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| How genes and behavior interact |
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| gravity, continental drift, natural selection, DNA |
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| an empirical research method in which data is gathered from observation of phenomena, hypothesis are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypothesis. |
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| process by which organisms adapt to there environment, which results in long term adaptation and population of a species. |
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1707-1778
Kingdom~Phylum~Order~Family~ Genus~ Species
Binomial nomenclature |
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1769-1839
-Geologist
-Sediments (Volcanic Eruptions)
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1726-1797
noted cycles of change on earth- erosion, deposition, uplift. concluded that there was "no evidence of a beginning..."
-Recardnation
-Geologist |
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Definition
1797-1875
-Uniformitarianism
>slow changes
-Deep Time |
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-evolutionist
-inheritance of acquired traits
- Use and disuse |
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| Catastrophism- view everything on earth changes because of catastrophes. |
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- Origin of Species
-Natural Selection
-Decent with modification
populations are variable (maybe many populations in a species)
-means individuals differ and pass on there differences through generation
-must survive reproduce
enviroment>survive reproduce>generation>inheritance> successful lineage
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| Evolutionary Theory Timeline |
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Definition
-1735 Linnaeus classification system
-1802 Paley's Natural Theology
-1809 Darwin Birth
-1817 Cuvier & Lamark
-1831-1836 Voyage of Beagle
- 1858 Wallace
-1859 Origin of Species
-1865 Mendel presents Research
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-variable and extreme habitats
-small body size finches
-beak size is directly related to food acquisition
- changes in beak size map onto changes in environment |
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Definition
-required for natural selection
- is the cause of new alleles and therefore the only cause of new variations
-are rare and random, i.e. you cannot predict which genes will mutate or when. |
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| -Co-discover of natural selection |
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-1823-1884
-Inheritance (Mendellian genetics)
-hereditary factors do not combine, but are passed intact between generation. |
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Definition
-When migrants (and their alleles) immigrate to and emigrate from populations, gene flow results.
-Gene flow makes disparate populations more similar with respect to their allele frequencies. |
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Definition
| - When random events ("accidents") change allele frequencies |
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Genetic drift:
Founder effect |
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Definition
| type of genetic drift that occurs when a segment of a population moves to another area (becomes reproductively isolated) |
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Genetic Drift:
population bottleneck |
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Definition
| type of genetic drift that occurs when a population is reduced to a small size (e.g. by a natural disaster) |
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Definition
| multimillion- or billion- year geologic time |
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| Uniformitarianism & Catastrophism |
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Definition
| in geology the idea of slow gradual change vs. rapid, catastrophic change. |
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| differences among members of the same species |
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| any of several forms of a gene usually arising through mutation that are responsible for hereditary variation of a trait |
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Definition
| the formation of a new combinations of genes |
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| the major subdivision of a genus regarded as the basic category of biological classification composed of related individuals that resemble one another are able to breed among themselves but are not able to breed with members of another species. |
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Definition
| a group of organisms capable of successful reproduction |
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Definition
| forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals (e.g. natural disaster, food supply, disease) |
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| reproductive success and fitness |
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Definition
| the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generations gene pool relative to the average for the population usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age |
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Definition
| change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
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| competition for resources |
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Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
Structure:
-Shape:
-double stranded
-double helix
-Components:
-Sugar & Phosphate backbone
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Term
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Definition
-Base Pairs:
-Adenine & Thymine
-Guanine & Cytosine
-Hydrogen Bond:
-weak, chemical bond that holds base pairs together |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
-often compared to a set of blueprints since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells such as proteins and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| most of the time _____ is found within the nucleus of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. DNA is "unzipped" (hydrogen bonds are broken and DNA is pulled apart at the middle)
2. mRNA bases match-up with DNA bases on the template strand, creating a _______ of the DNA code.
a. Guanine-Cytosine
b. Adenine-Uracil
-- Thymine is not present in RNA & is replaces by Uracil
c. Example:
i. Original DNA strand:
1. TAC-AGT-CTG-AGT-CAT-GAC-ACT
ii. Complimentary mRNA strand:
1. AUG-UCA-GAC-UCA-GUA-CUG-UGA
3.mRNA completes its________ of the DNA strand and breaks away
4. DNA reforms (returns to its normal double helix shape)
5.mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and ventures into the cytoplasm
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Term
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Definition
1. ribosomes attach to the mRNA strand in the cytoplasm.
2. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG.
a. this tRNA carries the amino acid methionine (Met)
-met is the only "start codon" and will always begin every protein chain.
3. the ribosome continues up the of mRNA, matching up the appropriate tRNA anticodon to the mRNA codons.
a. each tRNA brings with it a specific amino acid, which attaches to the last amino acid brought forth forming a chain of amino acids.
4.Eventually a STOP codon is reached and the amino acid chain breaks free as a finished protein
a. example:
i. Original DNA strand:
1. TAC-AGT-CTG-AGT-CAT-GAC-ACT
ii. Complimentary mRNA strand:
1. AUG-UCA-GAC-UCA-GUA-CUG-UGA
iii. Complimentary tRNA strand:
1. UAC-AGU-CUG-AGU-CAU-GAC-ACU
iv. Amino acid chain (protein) formed:
1. Met (Start)-Ser-Asp-Ser-Val-Leu-STOP
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Term
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Definition
| large organelle found in most cells, houses the cell's DNA |
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Definition
| the cell substance found inside the cell, but outside of the nucleus, where most organelles are found, including ribosomes. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A single, large macromolecule of DNA formed when chromatin condenses |
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Definition
| the basic physical unit of heredity, a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA which when translated into protein leads to the expression of hereditary character. |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine-thymine, Guanine-Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine |
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Definition
| the specific strand that is being transcribed when DNA "unzips" during transcription |
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Definition
| like DNA but is single stranded contains a different sugar molecule, and uses Uracil rather than Thymine |
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Definition
| messenger RNA, created during transcription and used as a messenger, carrying the transcribed DNA code from inside the nucleus to the outer cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| transfer RNA; small RNA molecule that matches up amino acids to specific sequences found on the mRNA strand during translation (i.e. translates the mRNA code into amino acid chains) |
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Definition
a three base code found on mRNA the corresponds to a specific amino acid (e.g. Guanin-Adenin-Cytosine (GAC)>Asp)
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Term
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Definition
| the specific sequence of AUG, which signals the starting point of translation and the attachment of the 1st amino acid methionine |
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Definition
| the specific sequence of either UAA, UAG, or UGA which signals translation to stop and detach the finished protein. |
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Definition
| a three base code found on tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a corresponding codon on mRNA |
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Definition
| organelle in the cytoplasm that is site of translation; aids in translation |
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Definition
| the building-blocks of proteins |
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Definition
| process of creating proteins consists of transcription and translation |
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Definition
| the structure and the function of all living things the building blocks of life |
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Definition
| certain proteins that bind to DNA and play a role in the regulation of gene expression by promoting or prohibiting the transcription of genes in specific cells |
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