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| When did primates first appear? |
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| First primate-like animals? |
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Definition
| Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid |
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| Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid)feeding habits |
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| Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid) arboreal or ground? |
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| traits of Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid) |
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Definition
| • Small brain, incomplete post-orbital bar, long snout, claws, ever-growing incisors, diastema similar to that seen in herbivores |
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| Adapiformes and Omomyiformes |
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| Two shared derived features adapiformes have with lemurs and lorises |
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Definition
| ear structure and ankle and wrist structure |
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| Adapiform primate-like features |
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Definition
nails
closed post-orbital bar
small snout
nails
opposable thumb and toe |
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Term
| What dental formula evolved with adapiforms? |
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Definition
| 2.1.3.3 dental formula evolves |
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| Omomyiformes shared derived features with tarsiers |
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| ear features, but more primitive |
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| fingers were elongated for clamping onto branches, including the development of a thumb. Its spine is flexible, like the living lemurs, and the animal was about 40 centimetres (16 in) in length, excluding the long tail |
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| It possesses a post-orbital bar and grasping thumbs and toes. Smilodectes has a small cranium size and the foramen magnum was located at the back of the skull |
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Term
| “Ida” – Darwinius masillae is how old |
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Definition
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| “Ida” – Darwinius masillae (Ad) |
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Definition
| status of a significant transitional form (a "link") between the prosimian and simian ("anthropoid") primate lineages |
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| Necrolemur had sharp teeth, which it probably used to bite through insect armor. Like modern tarsiers, it also possessed long fingers and toes, and a lengthy, balancing, tail.[1] It was also characterised by a short face, a narrow gap between the eyes, a tubular ectotympanic and a relatively large brain |
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| 2:1:3:3 on both the upper and lower jaw (Fleagle, 1988). The upper molars of this species have a postprotocingulum (Martin, 1990). This species has a short snout (Fleagle, 1988). The eyes of this species are large and are of the size of cheirogaleids suggesting this species was nocturnal |
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Definition
| unique because of the presence of primitive and derived traits. It provides new insight into the phylogenetic relationships between simians and prosimians |
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| Four pieces of evidence that suggest oms are simiformes ancestors |
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Definition
• Postorbital closure
• Less reliance on smell (reduced snout, etc.)
• Larger body size
• Monkeylike teeth |
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Term
| How fossil “prosimians” differ from Plesiadapiformes (7) |
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Definition
• Postorbital bar
• Larger brain
• More frontated eyes
• Nails
• Opposable big toe
• No diastema
• Broader snout |
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Term
| Euprimate Origins: Hypotheses (3) |
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Definition
•Arboreal origin
•Visual predation
Angiosperm coevolution |
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Definition
| This theory suggests that primates evolved from small mammals, who lived in bushes found on the forest floor. Traits necesary for insect catching |
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Definition
| the adaptive radiation primates occurred with the radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) that offered new opportunities and an unexplored niche |
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Definition
| early primates evolved to meet the needs of living an arboreal life |
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Term
| Early haplorines are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Anthropoid post orbital closure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anthropoids grooming claw? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anthropoid general trairs |
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Definition
• Postorbital closure
• No grooming claw
• Fused mandibular symphysis
• Larger canines
• Smaller snouts
• Bunodont molars |
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Term
| Parapithecoid: Apidium was similar to what monkey? |
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Definition
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| Parapithecoid: Apidium had what kind of movement? |
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| Parapithecoid: Apidium was dimorphic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parapithecoid: Apidium diet |
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Definition
| Likely omnivore but heavily biased for ripe fruit (more sight, less smell |
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| Parapithecoid: Apidium dental formula |
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| Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus lived |
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| Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus cusp pattern and what it implies |
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Definition
| y-5 imply bilophodonty is a derived trait of cercopithecines |
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| Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus body traits |
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Definition
• Reduced snout
• Heavily muscled, arboreal quadruped |
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– Tropical forests dominate much of Africa
– Generally warm all over the place (Europe too…) |
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– Apes radiate out of Africa across Eurasia
– Most fossil apes found in Eurasia |
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• Larger incisors, smaller canines, much less snout
• Y-5 cusp pattern, bunodont, relatively thin enamel |
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Definition
| • Brain a bit larger than Old World monkey-size (~170cc) |
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Definition
| • Ilium monkey-like, ischium ape-like |
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Definition
| • Lower back long and stiff like monkeys |
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Term
| Proconsul ape vs mokey traits |
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Definition
• Apelike: no tail, mobile shoulder
• Monkeylike: torso suggests leaping, no brachiation |
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Term
| Proconsul limb and joints |
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Definition
| • Robust limb bones, large joint surfaces |
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Term
| Proconsulid: Morotopithecus |
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Definition
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Term
| Middle Miocene: Kenyapithecus |
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Definition
Kenyapithecus may be the common ancestor of all the great apes. More recent investigations suggest Kenyapithecus is more primitive than that and is only slightly more modern than when Proconsul is considered to be an ape.
Evidence suggests that Kenyapithecus wickeri was one of the species that started a radiation of apes out of Africa. |
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| Two possibilities of Dryopithecus taxonomy |
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Definition
| On pongo clade, splits off right before pongo or on main lineage splits off right before gorilla |
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• Thick enamel on molars; round molar cusps
• Nuts, seeds, tubers
• No honing facet on P3 |
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Term
| Ouranopithecus sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Potential Early Hominin Traits of Ouranopithecus |
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Definition
-bipedal
• Teeth and jaws:
– Thick molar enamel
– Relatively large molars
– Robust mandibles; tooth rows less parallel
– Relatively small canines
– Reduction of C/P3 honing complex |
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Term
| Traits we would expect to see in an early hominin |
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Definition
-Bipedalism (along with all its anatomical features) would be the major one...
-dental features, like a reduction in the canine size, larger molars, thicker molar enamel |
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| Ouranopithecus figure into early hominin |
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Definition
Ouranopithecus is a Miocene ape, dating to before even Sahelanthropus, that has some of those hominin features (not the ones associated with bipedalism, but things like the thicker dental enamel, reduction in the size of the canines and the canine-premolar honing complex
So, it's an ape that is often used as a proxy for what the last common ancestor of humans and chimps might potentially have looked like |
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