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| any named group in Linnaean classification (genus, species, family), defined by their anatomical similarities, grouped in hierarchy |
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| Taxonomy (=classification, systematics): |
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Definition
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| Evolutionary relationships |
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| believed classification should reflect phylogeny and names matter, cladistics |
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| Hennig) reconstruct evolutionary relationships, identify monophyletic groups and clades (clade: monophyletic group including the common ancestor, which might not be known) |
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| a group of species descended from a common ancestor, they are more closely related to each other than to species outside the group |
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| evolved long ago, now found among groups only distinctly related |
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| evolved more recently, reflect closer evolutionary relationships |
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| some characters retained from distant ancestor, not useful for establishing more recent evolutionary relationships |
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| Convergence (=convergent or parallel evolution) |
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Definition
| similar traits can evolve in distantly related species, reflect adaptations to similar conditions, not evolutionary relationships |
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| used to define monophyletic groups, clades |
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| large body size, long life span… long interbirth interval (K selective), altrical young (helpless at birth), upright posture, large brain, short muzzle, increased reliance on vision, no tail, mobile digits, opposable thumb, no claws (flat nails), sensory pads on fingers, less reliance on sense of smell, stereoscopic vision for depth perception while leaping and grabbing, color vision for telling ripe and unripe fruit apart, boney protection around eye, |
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| Prosimian (=Strepsirrhine, “lower primates”) traits |
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Definition
| small, some nocturnal, many primitive characeristics, nails not claws, stereoscopic vision, orbit is ring of bone (primitive), has more smaller teeth in jaw (primitive) |
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| Catarrhine (=Old World monkeys) traits |
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Definition
| completely enclosed orbit, more monkey looking muzzle shape, increased visual cortex, arboreal, quadropedal |
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| Arboreal origins hypothesis |
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Definition
| early primates were forest dwelling (arboreal) so the features of modern primates reflect adaptation of early primates to forested habitat |
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| Insectivory origins hypothesis |
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Definition
| Stereoscopic vision, grasping hands and feet are also good for hunting insects (early primates were insectivores) |
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| having more than one type of tooth |
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| incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
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| swinging from tree to tree using arms |
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| food quality vs body size |
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| Food quality and body size |
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Definition
| Large body size, large amount of low quality food.. Small body size, small amount of high quality food |
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Definition
| Incisors (biting), canines (food prep and defense), premolars and molars (food processing) |
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| low crowned, fruit eating, omnivory |
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| high crowned, grass or leaf eating |
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Definition
| fruit eaters, big incisors, bunodant molars, thick enamel, short gut |
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Definition
| leaf eaters, small incisors, sharp, high crowned molars and premolars, long gut |
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Definition
| meat eaters, small incisors, large canines, slicing molars and premolars, short gut |
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Definition
| generalists, large incisors, bunodont molars, canine variable, medium-length gut |
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| Anthropoid (=higher primate) traits |
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Definition
generally larger body size
• larger brain (in absolute terms as well as relative to body weight)
• more rounded skull
• complete rotation of eyes to front of face with full binocular vision
• bony plate at back of eye orbit
• no rhinarium (less reliance on smell)
• increased parental care
• increased gestation and maturation periods
• more mutual grooming |
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Term
| Platyrrhine (=New World monkeys) traits |
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Definition
monkey-like anatomy;
quadrapedial locomotion;
exclusively arboreal,
some species have prehensile (grasping) tails, a unique arborial specialization;
2:1:3:3 dental formula, indicating retention of primitive primate dentition also found in prosimians. |
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Definition
| established early, sometimes females are dominant, females have separate hierarchy, rank can affect reproductive success, mother’s status can affect juvenile |
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| dominancy hierarchies, grooming diffuses group tension, reinforces social bonds |
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Definition
| mother-infant bond, mother must be properly socialized, learning is essential |
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Definition
| permanent bonding uncommon, female estrus cycle signaled, temporary consortships |
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| single male groups, dominate male replaces, new male kills some/all infants, not wasting time/energy defending infants that aren’t his |
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Definition
| identify oneself as an individual, in humans not developed at birth, most animals don’t have this, some apes have this |
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| 8 females may hold infant on day 1, bond with others for greater evolutionary advantage |
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| prepares for the future, attention to shape and size raw material, preconceived idea of finished product, complex behavior |
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| only humans speak, natural communication system (call system) |
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| derived from molten crust, important because they are dateable |
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| composed of particles of other rocks, important because they contain fossils and artifacts |
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| sedimentary rocks found in the ocean |
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| sedimentary rocks found in a lake |
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| Eolian (=Aeolian) sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| High vs low energy environments and sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| fine to coarse goes from low to high energy, lower energy is better for the study of fossils (preserve more info, less likely to be broken or moved far from where the animal lived and died) |
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| "Absolute" (chronometric) dating |
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Definition
| finding exact age in years, amount of elapsed time |
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| Steno's law of superposition |
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Definition
| oldest layers or strata are at the bottom and youngest are at the top |
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| Lithostratigraphic correlation |
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Definition
| study of layers and relating them to certain areas |
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| Biostratigraphic correlation |
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Definition
| work out local sequences and fossils they contain, figure out order of fossils through time, compose master sequence, fit any new sites into master sequence |
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Definition
| study of decaying organisms over time and how they become fossilized |
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Definition
| Used on volcanic rocks, clock set at time of eruption, Works on rocks older than 200 ka |
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Definition
| Refinement of K/Ar, Works on volcanic rocks of any age |
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Definition
Used on organic materials
Clock is set when animal dies
Dates things younger than 40 ka |
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Definition
| study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks |
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Definition
| This record provides information on the past behavior of Earth's magnetic field and the past location of tectonic plates. The record ofgeomagnetic reversals preserved in volcanic and sedimentary rock sequences (magnetostratigraphy) provides a time-scale that is used as a geochronologic tool |
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Definition
theory describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate
Astronomical forcing of global climate
Changes in shape and orientation of earth's orbit --> differences in distance and angle between earth and sun-->
changes amount of solar radiation reaching earth--> changes in global climate |
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Definition
| 22.5-24.5 degrees, changes through time |
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Definition
| Shape of Earth’s Elliptical Orbit Changes Through Time |
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| rotation of rotational axis |
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| Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has provided an evolutionary challenge to life on Earth in that it is both an agent of mutation and as well as a selective force |
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Definition
Air and Sea temperatures, ice volumes, sea level affect changing insolation
Geologic features, isotopic content of fossil organisms, and fossils of plants/animals help us
detect the effects of past climate change |
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Term
| Oxygen isotopes and sea temperature |
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Definition
-ice preferentially takes up 16O (light isoptope)
-in cold periods, sea water high in 18O (heavy)
-tissues of marine animals have same isotopic composition as
surrounding water |
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Definition
| theory of continental drift |
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Definition
| evidence supporting it: “fit” of continents, plants and animals match, rocks match, ice movement matches, climates were different positions do not match |
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Definition
| is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere |
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Definition
| sea floor spreading, earth’s magnetic poles reverse at irregular intervals, position of poles recorded in iron-rich rocks, reversals have been dates by K/Ar |
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Definition
| is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics |
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Definition
| study of the record of the earth’s magnetic field in rocks |
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| the name given to the more southerly of two supercontinents which were part of the Pangaea supercontinent |
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| when all the animals chose islands when the continents spread |
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| an active continental rift zone that appears to be a developing divergent tectonic plate boundary in East Africa |
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Definition
| a linear zone where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart |
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| three tectonic rifts centered in the Afar Depression, informally known as the Afar Triangle, of northeastern Africa |
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Definition
| discovered double helix DNA |
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Definition
| molecule encoding the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms |
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Definition
| are the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure |
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Definition
| refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA |
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Definition
overall differences, shows branching sequence (order of divergence, clodogenesis) (overall genetic similarity)
• Extract DNA from human and chimp
• Snip fragments of DNA from human and chimp, heat up and determine melting temperature (DNA strands unzip, hydrogen bonds are letting go from heat)
• Put strands of human and chimp DNA in petri dish, cool off and allow hybrid strands to form (1/2 human and half chimp)
• Heat up hybrid strand and determine melting temperature, hybrid strand not a perfect match so melting temp is lower (fewer hydrogen bonds to break)
• Difference in melting temperatures = difference in DNA (number of base pairs that are different) (2.4 degree difference = 2.87% difference, so human and chimps share ~97% of their DNA) |
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Definition
| precise order of nucleotides in DNA |
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Definition
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| 3 base pairs, instructs for production of one amino acid |
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Definition
| affects whole stretches of DNA, usually has negative consequences |
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| change in single base pair or codon |
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Definition
| change in genotype, no change in phenotype |
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| “neutral mutation effect” many mutations are silent, neutral: no apparent effect on organism |
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Definition
| many mutations are silent, neutral: no apparent effect on organism |
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Definition
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Definition
| 64 possible base pairs (4x4x4) but only 20 amino acids, different base pairs can code for same amino acid (AAT, AAC, GAA, GAG, GAT, GAC all code for amino acid leucine) |
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Definition
number of genetic differences can show how recently two species shared a common ancestor, molecular differences between pairs of species are proportional to the time or their separation… Individual mutations are random, but total genome is large
Rate of mutation is uniform, genome acts like a clock… how long it takes is when fossils come into play |
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Definition
| mammals survived and proliferated, extinction of dinosaurs |
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| Origin of primates, adaptive radiation of mammals |
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Definition
| Strepsirhines/Prosiminans (Adapis and “Ida”), marked by the emergence of the first modern mammals |
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Definition
| origin haplorhines and catarrhines (“Old World” monkeys) |
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Definition
| origin Hominins, hominoids |
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Definition
| first appearance data and last appearance data |
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Definition
Eocene period, More Primitive; Similar to the earliest primate ancestors.
Greater reliance on the sense of smell
Elongated snout
Small body size.
Often lacking some typical primate characteristics.
Lack color vision; Lack bony cups around eyes; Claws instead of nails on some digits.
Usual mode of locomotion is vertical clinging and leaping (VCL).
Sometimes nocturnal.
Often solitary.
Possess a tooth comb.
early primates, large brain cases, slightly reduced snouts, forward position of eye orbits but not completely walled in |
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| Eocene period, small orbits (eye sockets), elongate rostra, cheek teeth adapted for folivorous orfrugivorous diets, and relatively large body mass |
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| Aegytopithecus and anthropoid traits |
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Definition
| sagittal crest, canines larger in males, completely enclosed orbit, more monkey looking muzzle shape, increased visual cortex, arboreal, quadropedal |
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Definition
| different sexual behavior and morphology between males and females |
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Definition
| crest of bone that runs down the middle of skull from front to back (area of muscle attachment) happens in males |
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Definition
| wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands |
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Definition
| land and freshwater fauna (animals at a particular time) migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents |
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Definition
| ape, primitive one, 19 million years ago, small, quadrupedal, suspensory behavior |
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Definition
| possible human ancestor, reduced canine (human like), honing facet and diastema (large overlapping canines and gap in top tooth row for lower jaw teeth to rest), chimp like |
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Definition
| long forelimbs, ape characteristics, fairly large, suspensory |
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Definition
| orang, female version of sivapithecus |
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Definition
| male version of Ramapithecus, orangutan, thought for many years to be a human ancestor but it isn’t, parabolic dental arcade, thick tooth enamel, teeth grow in crypts, then erupt through jaw |
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Definition
| enamel formation is cyclic, perikymata reflect daily growth cycles, numbers of perikymata show amount of time enamel developing, thickness of perikymata shows rate of enamel secretion |
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Definition
| incremental growth lines in tooth enamel |
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Definition
| a funnel-shaped opening in the bone of the oralhard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass |
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| Asian and African palate pattern |
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Definition
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| Comparing Sivapithecus and Australopithecus |
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Definition
| siva had fast enamel secretion over a short period of time and austral had slow enamel secretion over a long period of time → not the same character |
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Definition
| binomial nomenclature, a formal system of naming species (genus species) |
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| More offspring produced than resources can support, Periodically eliminated by disease, war, famine |
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Definition
"Catastrophism"
•How explain fossils? •Successive Groups of Fossils •Periodic Extinctions & Creations
(Catastrophes)
(“Antediluvian” = Before the flood) |
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| “Principles of Geology” Earth history •Gradual change •Long period of time |
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Definition
True: One Species Can
Give Rise To Another
2. False: Mechanism: Inheritance Of Acquired
Characteristics: Characteristics Acquired
During Animal's Life Passed On To Offspring |
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| Uniformitarianism (actualism) |
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Definition
“Present Is Key To Past” •Processes observed today, •Operating over long periods of time,
•Can produce geological features observed in modern world. |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| characteristics acquired during animal’s life passed on to offspring |
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Definition
| extinct animals (fossils) resemble living ones in same region, geographic variation, common ancestor, superficial differences show adaptation to local conditions |
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Definition
| best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. |
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Definition
| the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations |
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| descent with modification |
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Definition
| long period of time, earth changes so do animals and plants (Darwins idea) |
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Definition
| how well suited you are to conditions compared to others so you can reproduce |
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Definition
| sexual reproduction produces variation, some offspring better suited to conditions than others so they produce more offspring than others, over many generations they produce enough change to result in a new species |
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Definition
The sexual selection concept arises from the observation that many animals develop features whose function is not to help individuals survive, but help them to maximize their reproductive success. This can be realized in two different ways:
by making themselves attractive to the opposite sex; or
by intimidating, deterring or defeating same-sex rivals |
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Definition
“Particulate” nature of inheritance
• What are the particles? Genes |
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Definition
| Mendelian genetics, characteristics can be passed on |
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Definition
| states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization |
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Definition
| codes for trait, may be a single base pair or longer section of DNA |
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Definition
| is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome |
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Definition
| different versions of traits (one alle inherited from each parent) |
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Definition
| two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating) |
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Definition
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| How genetics are expressed (affected by environment), observable |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which a single gene has more than one dominant allele |
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Definition
| spontaneous change in genetic material, induces novelty |
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Term
| Synthetic theory of evolution |
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Definition
| Synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian selection into a modern theory of evolutionary change |
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Definition
Darwin’s natural selection + Mendel’s particulate inheritance+ statistics
same as modern sythesis |
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Definition
| small changes in gene frequencies over a short period of time |
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Definition
| larger changes (appearance of new species, extinction) over a longer period of time |
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Definition
| population movement, migration introduces new alleles |
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Definition
| small population → chance elimination of rare alleles |
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Definition
| small founding population → may not resemble parent population |
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Definition
| study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow |
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Definition
| in a population, the occurrence of a certain proportion of homozygotes and heterozygotes for specific genetic traits, which is maintained from generation to generation by the forces of natural selection |
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Definition
many different methods, many different methods
• DNA strands usually cut into gragments
• Early method: gel electrophoresis
• High throughput methods: determines exact orders of individual DNA or chains, much faster |
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Definition
| one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. |
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Definition
| Darwin says climate forces evolution, the earth changes and animals and plants adapt |
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Definition
| a term describing the way of life of a species |
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Definition
| describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages (ex. wing) |
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Definition
| Similarities that are the same, but found in different species, thought to have arisen from convergent evolution; structures serve the same function in different species but they evolved independently rather than from the same embryological material or from the same structures in a common ancestor. |
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Definition
| structures have similar function and evolutionary path via a common ancestor (forelimbs in a mammal) |
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Definition
| If members of a species are separated from other members is such a way that they can not mate with them this is reproductive isolation. The barrier could be physical. For instance members of a species of fish might get trapped in a cave. It could be behavioral. For instance if some members of an insect species start hunting at night instead of in the day, they would have less of an opportunity to mate with the ones that hunt in the day. |
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Definition
| species isolated geographically |
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Definition
| species live in same area, use different resources |
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Definition
| evolutionary process by which new biological species arise |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| gradual evolution within lineage |
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Definition
| splitting: either allopatric model (species isolated geographically) or sympatric model (species live in the same area, use different resources) |
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Term
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Definition
| slow gradual accumulation of changes produces new species |
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Term
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Definition
| long periods of time with no change, punctuated short periods with sudden change, new species appear suddenly, caused environmentally? |
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Definition
| morphological differences (hair, body shape), genetic incompatibility, behavioral differences |
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Definition
| involves both morphological and behavioral traits |
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Definition
| sudden appearance many closely related species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on earth |
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Term
| Turnover pulse hypothesis |
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Definition
| Ecosystems periodically experience significant disruptions, these in turn result in mass extinctions |
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