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| When the phenotype of an organism reflects positive changes that arise in the context of short or long-term exposure to a set of environmental conditions. |
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| process of very short-term changes in physiology that occur in response to changes in environmental conditions -- Altitude and temperature changes |
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| states that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature |
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| States that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to the body to dissipate heat |
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| Dark pigment produced by melanocytes in the epidermis which is the most important component of skin color |
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| Study of distribution of layers of rock and their sequences to determine the age of fossils |
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| The categories of time into which Earth's history is usually divided by geologists and paleontologists: eons, eras, periods, epochs |
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| Precise location from which a fossil comes |
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| Relative Dating Techniques |
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| Used to establish the age of a fossil only in comparison to other materials found above and below it |
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| Study of geologic deposits and their formation, stratigraphy, relationships, and relative relationships based on their rock properties |
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| Identification of a volcanic ash by its chemical fingerprint of major, minor, and trace elements |
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| Uses comparison of fossils from different stratigraphic sequences to estimate which layers are older and which are younger |
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| Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques |
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| Techniques that can be correlated to an absolute chronology |
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| Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale |
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| Time scale at which the Earth's magnetic field switched |
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| Magnetic polarity recorded in ancient sediments that allow for easier dating |
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| Chronometric Dating Techniques |
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| Techniques that estimate the age of an object in absolute terms through the use of a natural clock such as radioactive decay or tree ring growth |
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| Chronometric dating technique that uses radioactive decay of isotopes to estimate age |
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| Radiometric technique that uses the decay of K to Ar in potassium-bearing rocks to determine the age of the sediment |
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| Dates noncrystalline materials using the decay of 238 UR and counting the tracks that are produced by this fission |
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| Uranium Series Techniques |
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| Uses decay of uranium to estimate the age for calcium carbonates such as shells, flowstones, and teeth |
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Definition
| uses the decay of Carbon !$ in organic remains such as wood an bone to estimate the time since the death of the organism |
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| Mammalian order or suborder of mammals that may be ancestral to later primates, characterized by some but not all of the primate trends |
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| Family of mostly Eocene primates, probably ancestral to all strepsirhines |
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| Eocene primates that had recently diverged from the Adapoids and may have given rise to the common ancestor of Tarsiers and anthropoids |
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| Early apes exhibiting Y-5 molar pattern by monkey-like postcranial skeletons |
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| Reproductive strategy in which females have many offspring, interbirth intervals are short, and maternal investment per offspring is low |
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| Reproductive strategy in which fewer offspring are produced per female, interbirth intervals are long, and maternal investment is high |
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| Systematic accumulation of genetic differences through time that, if measured, could be used to estimate the amount of time since the two groups shared a LCA |
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| The spine. Made up of Neck (cervical), Thorax (thoracic), Lower back (lumbar), Pelvic (sacrum, coccyx) |
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| The hole in the skull through which the spinal cord comes |
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| Flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum to which muscles attach |
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| Attached to the ilium and are rotated around to the front and side of a biped's leg to allow us to walk |
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| Ability of some nonhuman primates to use cognitive skills to extract food and other resources from their natural environment by modifying the environment --Tool use |
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| Intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of navigating and foraging in a complex tropical forest ecosystem. Frugivores especially must know where good trees are, how and when the trees bear fruit, and how to get back to them |
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| Hominid intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of being politically or socially clever when living with others; sometimes called Machiavellian intelligence -- Remembering alliances, hierarchies, rivals, and debts |
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| The ability to place oneself in the mind of others (allows us to lie) |
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| Characteristics of Hominins |
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| Bipedality; Rounded, parabolic tooth rows; Small canines; Lesser facial prognathism; heterodont teeth; thicker enamel; big brains |
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| teeth that all look the same |
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| Teeth that are different, each with a different function |
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| Combination of canine and premolar on the lower row that serve as a tooth sharpener for the canines. |
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| A means by which learned behaviors acquired during a lifetime can influence genetic evolution indirectly, by changing the selection pressure acting upon their descendents |
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| genetic trait governed by a locus with one or more alleles |
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| Maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective fitness of the heterozygote |
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| Non-nucleated cells without a cytoskeleton or an internal membrane |
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| An arm of a rift that is shorter or shallower than the other arms |
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| Modern system of glacial and interglacials beginning roughly 2.4 mya |
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| Determining the specific age of an object, stratum, or site |
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| determining where an object, stratum, or site fits into a sequence |
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| Observing behaviors for one "instant" within a given time interval |
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| list of behavior patterns for a given species |
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| Presence/Absence sampling |
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| Record each and every behavior of the focal animal within a given time interval |
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| Record a time change between when an animal stops and starts different behaviors |
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| hard, white exterior shell of the tooth |
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| Soft, interior of the tooth |
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| where the teeth come together |
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| Low-crowned teeth with thick enamel for grinding and crushing |
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