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It works, Bitches.
Form hyp which explains phenomenon.
test hyp with research evidence.
Refine Hyp or scrap it for a new one.
Repeat until humanity ends.
Not Linnaeus. He described and ordered |
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| System naturae, invented taxonomy. Binomial nomenclature (genus, species) |
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Sort of addresses variation as result of environmental pressure. Achieved traits can be passed down. Giraffe necks get longer through effort and use.
No appreciation through initial variation. |
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Sort of addresses variation as result of environmental pressure. Achieved traits can be passed down. Giraffe necks get longer through effort and use.
No appreciation through initial variation. |
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| Adaptive Radiation. All organisms can outstrip resources(Malthus), but there is generally stable populations. must be a struggle. There is variation, some of it is more appealing, ensures longer survival. Differential reproductive success changes ratios of variations. |
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| Conditions for natural selection to occur on a trait |
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Trait must be inheritable.
Trait must be varied between individuals in population.
Environmental, ecological pressures must make that trait either better or worse. |
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| No real ecological pressure. genetic equilibrium favored. averageness. |
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| we got 46, half from each parent (homologous) one from mom, one from dad |
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| Sequence that codes for a trait |
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| Results in two identical daughter cells (somatic) |
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| Ooo, interesting. 46-> 92-> (46+46)-> (23 +23+23+23). How its different. |
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| Principle of independent assortment |
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| The absence or presence of one characterstic wont influence existence of another. This only works in unlinked chromosomes. |
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| can occur of chromosomes are linked. Principle of independent assortment does not apply |
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| Many genes contribute to single trait |
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| one gene has many phenotypic expressions |
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| Can occur at any division of cell. Cancer effects somatics. Only gametic mutations can be passed on |
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| Change of a base into another date |
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| Pooling of genetic resources. Weeding out of bad traits.Defends against disease well. |
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| Figure out sexual selection. Behavioral fitness also a factor. not just environmental. |
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| Finch beaks get bigger or smaller depending on moisture in environment. |
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Extremes killed off. goldilocks zone.
Organisms on mars, and on venus are dead/cannot exist. Earth zone of stabilizing selection |
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| Movement of genes from one population to another. |
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| Population undergoes random changes in allele frequencies. |
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| A small group with little variation goes somewhere new, breed within self. Ends up with basically same about of variation +genetic drift |
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| Lots of variation, small group with little variation breaks off. |
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results in differential reproductive success. results in sex dimorph, driven by preference.
why? limit of resources, food time, don't want a dick to depend on.
Females need way to tell who's hot. |
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| Classification shows relationships |
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| Pattern studies reveal ancestral relationships. Takes into account parallel evolution. Analogy = birds and insects having wings. No common wing ancestor. |
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| Cladistics (not phylogeny) |
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| cladogram just shows features and their relationships to other modern species. All nw monkeys have tails. |
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| Biological species concept |
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A species is a population that can interbreed. Or basically, an actively breeding population. Except when its not.
Problem = I might be able to breed with a bonobo. |
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| Ecological species concept |
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| selective pressures maintain species boundaries. Behavioral, geographical, genetic boundaries prevent mixing of species. |
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| Find yourself a list of reproduction fails |
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| Small differences that compound. one species changing into another |
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| One species resulting in two species. A split. "fast" rate |
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| Geographic isolation. Stew in own genes, gradually become unrecognizable to parent pop. |
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| two daughter species result from distance, different emphasis on different areas of range. Eventually become more and more inbred. |
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| Gradual, slow rate of evolution. Like anagenesis. |
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| Anagenesis followed by BAM Cladogenesis, followed by anagenesis, or even nothing. |
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| One rung above the level of populations. |
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| Polytypic. There are many many many different breeding populations. |
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| A cultural construct (i.e. Bullshit). |
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| Our perception of race is due to |
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Distributions of polymorphic traits across regions.
Clines and their distributions can be used to learn about human evolution. |
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| We all come from one source |
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| People differ because of different lineages. DIfferent races. |
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| Ability to change after environmental stress |
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| Short term change to adapt to environment. Dealing |
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| Allen's rule (not bergman's) |
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Adaptation to heat. Genes dictate that you must have longer, leaner limbs. More surface area to volume ratio. More area for heat to bedispersed.
Explains penis size clines.Vasodilation. |
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| Bergman's rule (not allen) |
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| Adaption to cold : be stockier. be shorter. Less surface area to volume. less area to lose heat. vasoconstriction |
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