Term
| Theory of Continuous Development |
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Definition
| a process that consisits of gradually adding on more to the same types of skills that were there to begin with |
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Term
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Definition
| A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan |
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Term
| Theory of Discontinuous Development |
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Definition
| a process in which newe understandings emerge at particular time periods |
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Term
| Nature-Nurture Controversy |
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Definition
Nature: Inborn biological givens-- hereditary information
Nurture: Forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth |
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Term
| Theory of lifespan perspective |
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Definition
1) Development as lifelong
2) Development as multidimensional and multidirectional
3) Development as highly plastic
4) Development as embedded in multiple contexts |
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Term
| Prenatal preiod of development |
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Definition
Period from conception to birth---
a one celled organism transforms into a baby |
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Term
| Infancy/toddlerhood period of development |
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Definition
Birth to 2 years---
changes in the body and brain support emergence of a wide array of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities and first intimate ties to others |
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Term
| Early Childhood period of development |
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Definition
2-6 years---
"the play years" motor skills are refined, thought and language expand, morality develops, and children make ties with peers |
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Term
| Middle Childhood period of development |
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Definition
6-11 years---
'school years' advances in athletic abilities, logical thought processes, basic literacy skills, understanding of self, morality and friendship. Peer-group membership |
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Term
| Adolescence period of development |
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Definition
11-20 years---
puberty leads to adult body and sexual maturity. Thought becomes abstract and idealistic and school achievement more serious. Adolescents focus on defining personal values and goals and establishing autonomy from the family |
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Term
| Early Adulthood period of development |
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Definition
20-40 years---
most leave home, complete education, begin full time work. Major concerns are developing a career, forming an intimate partnership, and marrying, rearing children, or establishing other lifestyles |
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Term
| Middle Adulthood period of development |
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Definition
40-60 years---
many people are at the height of thier careers and attain leadership positions. Helping children begin independent lives, and parents adapt to aging. Become more aware of own mortality. |
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Term
| Late Adulthood period of development |
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Definition
60 years-death---
people adjust to retirement, decreased physical strength and health, often death of spouse. Reflect on meaning of their life. |
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Term
| Major Domains of development |
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Definition
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Emotional and Social Development |
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Term
| Physical Domain of Development |
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Definition
| Changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, perceptual and motor capacities, and physical health |
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Term
| Cognitive domain of development |
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Definition
| Changes in intellectual abilities, including attentin, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language |
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Term
| Emotional and Social domain of development |
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Definition
| Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to adapt effectively in the face of adversity |
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Term
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Definition
| events that are strongly related to age and fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last (walking, talking, puberty, menopause) |
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Term
| History graded influences |
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Definition
| influnces unique to particular historical eras (epidemics, wars, economic presperity or depression, technological advances) explains some similarities in people born around the same time (cohorts) |
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Term
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Definition
| events that are irregular--happen to just a few people and are not predictable |
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Term
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Definition
Aries, 1962
in medieval times, children were viewed as miniature adults, already matured |
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Term
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Definition
John Locke, 17th century
"blank slate" children's characters were determined by all kinds of experiences- able to be molded in any way |
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Term
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Definition
Jean Jacques Rosseau, 18th century
children thought to already have a sense of right and wrong with an innate plan for healthy growth. Adults could only harm their innate moral sense and uniue ways of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically determined, naturally unfloding course of growth |
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Term
| Normative approach to child study |
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Definition
G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell, early 20th century
took measures of hebavior on large numbers of people. Age related averages computed to find 'typical' environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of Evolution--first scientific studier of children |
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Term
| Multidimensional development |
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Definition
| blend of biological, psychological and social influences |
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Term
| Multidirectional development |
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Definition
| Development is not limited to improved performance...joint expression of growth and decline. People can constantly be both improving and losing skill in different areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Albert Bandura (1977)--
built on principles of conditioning (john watson). Children learn by watching the people around them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presenting examples to children through good behaviors so they learn good values, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed cognitive-developmental theory. Development occurs in stages: Sensorimotor, peroperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
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Term
| Piaget's Sensorimotor stage |
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Definition
birth-2 years:
infants learn about things by touching and interacting with their world--seeing how they can manipulate their environment |
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Term
| Piaget's Peroperational Stage |
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Definition
2-7 years:
development of language and make-believe. Children can begin to express what they learned in sensorimotor stage. Still not complex or logical |
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Term
| Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
7-11 years:
reasoning becomes logical. Can organize things into classes and subclasses. Not yet abstract |
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Term
| Piaget's Formal Operational Stage |
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Definition
11-on:
reasoning with symbols such as mathematics. Think of all possible outcomes, not just most obvious |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
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Definition
| focuses on how culture and social interaction impacts development |
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Term
| Ecological Systems Theory |
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Definition
| Bronfrenbrenner: a person develops within a system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment. Includes microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem |
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Term
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Definition
ecological systems theory:
immediate environment (immediate family, daycare, playmates) |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between microsystems (ie, learning in school combined with parental support at home...cofactors) |
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Term
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Definition
| social settings not directly in, but still affect you. (administration, policy makers at work, formal or informal, extended family, friends, work) |
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Term
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Definition
| values, laws, customs, and resources (community health services, government, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| While a parent obviously influences a child, the child also influences the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| Researchers gather info on pre-exsisting groups. The subject's experiences aren't altered. Do not allow us to infer cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| both independent and dependent variable. Controlled by researcher. Allows for cause and effect to be determined |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the same participants over a long period of time. difficult to do |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of different ages all studied at the same time. More efficient than longitudinal. |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more groups born different years are studied over a long period of time. Allows for long term study, and also allows cross-sectional comparisons |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as history graded influences: all of the people in a long term study may be influenced by something that would not affect those born during other times so the study findings would not transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| directly observable characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| blend of genetic info that determines species and unique characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| rodlike structure in the nucleus which store and transmit genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylketonuria--from a recessive gene, affects how the body breaks down proteins in many foods can build up to toxic levels and damage the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| many genes determine a characteristic: such as height, weight, intelligence, and personality |
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Term
| Dominant-recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| when a recessive gene does not express itself, only the dominant. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common chromosomal disorder. failure of 21st pair of chromosomes to seperate. Mental retardation, speech problems, limited vocab, slow motor development |
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Term
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Definition
| process designed sto help coupless assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| pinpointing certain genes to change the outcome of a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| influences a family has on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of third parties on families |
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Term
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Definition
| each person responds to the environment in a unique way due to their genetic makeup. |
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Term
| Genetic-environmental correlations |
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Definition
| nature-nurture--our genes work with environment to determine some qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of environment, behavior, and gene expression in forming a person |
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Term
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Definition
week 1: zygote forms a blastocyst
week 2: blastocyst goes into uterine lining structures the feed and protect the organism begin to form - amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, and umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
week 3-4: brain and spinal chord. heart, muscles, backbone, ribs, and digestive tract begin development
week 5-8: external body structures and internal organs form. Sense of touch develops and embryo can move |
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Term
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Definition
| week 9-12: major increase in size. Nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected. New behaviors appear. External genitals well formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| any environmental agent that causes damage druing the prenatal period |
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Term
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Definition
| important for pregnant women to consume in adequate amounts. prevents abnormalities of the neural tube, reduces chances of low birth weight and premature delivery |
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Term
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Definition
1: dilation and effacement of the cervix
2: mother pushes with contractions, forcing baby through birth canal
3: placenta is delivered |
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Term
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Definition
| Lots of studies show that women do better when delivering with a companion there to support them |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used to relieve pain during delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| stronger than analgesia, block sensation during delivery |
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Term
| Special Infant Stimulation/touch |
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Definition
| stimulation and touch can help preterm infants develop--promote faster weight gain, consistant sleep patterns, and increased alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| infants get more REM sleep (in it 50% of the time) this provides more brain stimulation to help the central nervous system |
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Term
| Breast vs. bottle-feeding |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not fully formed, muscles are weak. newborns cannot focus on things. Prefer color, but can't discriminate between them |
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Term
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Definition
| surprisingly high in the united states considering how affluent our country is, perhaps a reflection of our health care system |
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Term
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Definition
| girls are shorter and lighter, with more fat than boys. Girls reach full size several years before boys. |
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Term
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Definition
| at birth, brain is the structure closest to full development. Lots of programming goes on in early life |
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Term
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Definition
| pound for pound, infants need twice the calories of humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth disorder caused by lack of all essential nutrients--babies are very thin |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of protein--swollen abdomen, also affects brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| skills requiring use of much of the body |
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Term
| Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory |
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Definition
Schemes: begin action based, become mentally involved
Adaptation: building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Assimilation: use current schemes to interpret world
Accomodation: create new schemes
Organization: linking schemes together |
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Term
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Definition
| piaget's stage when infants assimilate more than they accomodate |
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Term
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Definition
| piaget's stage when infants are experiencing rapid congnitive change |
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Term
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Definition
| piaget may not have given infants credit for as much mental capacity as he should have. Infants also don't develop in steps as piaget suggests |
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Term
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Definition
1- sensory register
2- short term memory
3- long term memory |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| Vygotsky: refers to a range of tasks that a child cannot handle alone, yet can complete with the help of others |
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Term
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Definition
| poor child care lowers child performance, good child care can help |
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Term
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Definition
Linguist, nativist theory
says that children are biologically primed to acquire language |
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Term
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Definition
Language Acquisition Device, chomsky:
innate in children, allows them to learn language no matter what language they are exposed to |
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Term
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Definition
| when parents label things in the environment and also talk to child to help learn vocab and language skills |
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Term
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Definition
| two- word phrases toddlers use before full sentences. Use only necessary words "me cookie" not "i would like a cookie" |
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Term
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Definition
| in language, a word applied to too few things |
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Term
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Definition
| in language, a word applied to too many things |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| erikson: through environment and care a child either learns to trust or not trust care providors |
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Term
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Definition
| children refer to others for how to react to new things |
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Term
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Definition
| the general demeanor of a person: two models-- thomas and chess, rothbart and mauro |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed by thomas and chess- explain how temprament and environment can work together to produce favorable outcomes--tailoring environment to suit child |
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Term
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Definition
| infant's emotional tie to the caregiver: at first baby doesn't understand that caregiver is still there when they leave their sight |
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Term
| Ethological Theory of Attachment |
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Definition
widely accepted model: infant has innate behaviors to stay with parent for protection. 4 phases:
1) preattachment phase- reach out for connection with any human, not just parent
2) 'attachment in the making' phase- respond more to parent or familiar caregiver
3) 'clearcut' attachment- baby displays seperation anxiety
4) formation of a reciprocal relationship- learn to negotiate and understand that they have to leave |
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Term
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Definition
| results from attachment--sets standard for all other personal relationships |
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Term
| Father-Infant relationship |
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Definition
| tends to be more playful than that of the mother |
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Term
| later outcomes of attachment |
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Definition
| inner feelings of affection and security support all psychological development |
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