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| First Observation of Natural Selection (Malthus): |
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| Potential for geometric increase. |
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| Second Observation of Natural Selection (Malthus): |
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| Populations tend to stay stable. |
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| Third Observation of Natural Selection (Malthus): |
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| Fourth Observation of Natural Selection: |
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| Fifth Observation of Natural Selection: |
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| Better variants passed on. |
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| Natural Selection Inference 1: |
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| Natural Selection Inference 2: |
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| Natural Selection Inference 3: |
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| Better variants passed on. |
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| Major Contribution of Mendel: |
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Definition
| Inheritance is particulate |
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Definition
| expressed characteristics |
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| alternative versions of a particular gene |
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| Phenotype is product of genotype in specific environment. |
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| Fundamental Observation of Behavioral Ecology: |
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| Morphological/physiological AND behavior product of genotype & environment! |
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| changes in gene frequencies in a population over time |
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Definition
natural selection
mutations
gene flow
genetic drift |
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| ultimate source of all new variation |
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| transfer of alleles or genes from one population to the other |
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| Random processes, chance events reduce or remove variants from a population. |
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| Study of animal behavior (Tinbergen, Lorenz) |
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| Natural selection produces adaptations for the "good of the species" Wynne-Edwards proponent |
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| ethologist, proponent of individual selection, looked at # of eggs that survived; one of first examples of optimality analysis |
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| developed by William Hamilton, 1964; favoring reproductive success of one's relatives; powerful explanation for "altruistic" behavior |
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| concerning one's own reproductive success; one component of inclusive fitness |
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| concerning reproductive success of one's kin; measured by degree of relatedness |
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| developed coefficient of relatedness |
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| Trivers; an individual makes sacrifices for another individual in expectation of similar treatment; I scratch your back, you scratch mine |
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| E.O. Wilson; the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior; precursor to HBE |
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| environmental determinism |
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Definition
| 19th century idea that environment determines culture and behavior |
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| progressivism (a.k.a. unilineal evolution) |
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| 19th century idea humans progressing in stages; Tylor & Morgan proponents |
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| idea we should not judge behaviors of one's culture with our standards; Boas proponent |
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| culture is beyond the material world and has a life of its own; Kroeber proponent |
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| culture viewed as product of its own unique history |
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| study of human adaptations to social and physical environments; Steward proponent |
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| subsistence or productive strategies within a culture; Steward |
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| reject idea of progressivism and focus more on the adaptive mechanism of evolution, unique to each society due to environment, among other issues |
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| societies consist of cultures in which there are defined roles & these roles define rights and responsibilities of people, system defines rules & obligations of each role & interaction with others helps stabilize the system; Radcliffe-Brown & Malinowski proponents |
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| Downside of structural functionalism |
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Definition
| very static, lack agency, gives people no chance of changing roles |
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| culture core+multilineal evolution+structural functionalism= |
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| human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence; framed more in terms of benefits to the individual; Marvin Harris |
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| insider's view; explanation by members of society itself |
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| outsiders view; researchers point of view |
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| Birth spacing among the Kung: functionalist perspective |
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Definition
| people delaying to control population |
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| Birth spacing among the Kung: behavioral ecology perspective |
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| mother's ability to feed and care for children & their productivity level |
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| side effect or byproduct of some other process |
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| explains evolution the result of genetic and cultural evolution |
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| evolutionary psychology explanation |
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| psychological mechanisms, mental "modules" |
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| evolutionary psychology constraints |
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| evolutionary psychology temporal scale |
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| evolutionary psychology current adaptiveness |
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| dual inheritance theory explanation |
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| processes of cultural evolution, population genetics, mathematical modeling |
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| dual inheritance theory constraint |
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| dual inheritance theory temporal scale |
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| believe adaptations can arise medium scale (cultural) |
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| dual inheritance theory current adaptiveness |
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Definition
| medium adaptation & maladaptation |
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| traits flexible and able to respond quickly |
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| evolution moving towards one extreme |
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| evolutionary adaptiveness within constraints; bell curve |
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| mismatch of past adaptation produces maladaptive behavior |
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| optimal foraging theory pioneers |
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| optimal foraging theory concerns |
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| efficiency (maximizing returns), food choices, risk minimization |
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| assumes resources dispersed in heterogeneously rather than homogeneously across a landscape |
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| patch choice model assumptions |
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| resources clumped, clumps encountered relative to their frequency, no return, diminishing returns (MVT), travel time unproductive |
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| patch choice model rise/run |
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