Term
| EYE: Associated Structures |
|
Definition
| eyebrow/eyelashes/eyelid, conjunctive, lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal duct, extrinsic muscles of the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
-thin mucous membrane that covers underlying part of eyelid and eyeball
-helps reduce friction btwn eyeball and eyelid |
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Term
|
Definition
-Excess of tears makes nose run
-passes from medial corner of orbit and nose to the eye cavity |
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Term
| EYE: Extrinsic muscles of the eye |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles attached to eyeball (can be controlled) that helps move it |
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Term
| Conjunctivitis ("pink eye") |
|
Definition
-dilated blood vessels->cause red color
-inflammation of conjunctive due to bacteria
-contagious; tears move from lateral to medial side |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost, Middle (vascular), Innermost |
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Term
| EYEBALL: Outermost (surrounds eyeball) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| white of eye (extrinsic muscles attached to it) |
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Term
|
Definition
| transparent (in front of sclera) |
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Term
| EYEBALL: Middle (vascular) |
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Definition
| choroid, ciliary body, iris |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains blood vessels supplying interior of eyeball and sclera |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains muscles which change shape of lens; smooth (involuntary muscle) and connects to lens (constantly moving to keep things in focus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| colored part, contains muscle (smooth: 2 types ->constrict/dilate) that changes size of pupil to protect retina from strong light |
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Term
| EYEBALL: Innermost (Retina) |
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Definition
-has 9 NERVOUS layers + 1 PIGMENTED layer (color)
-3 layers needed for conduction of visual image: rods + cones, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| dead center of back of the eyeball; SHARPEST vision ->intense focus (acute vision) |
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Term
|
Definition
-has no rods/cones-> "blindspot"
where optic nerve attaches and blood vessels extend from it |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
anterior: iris->cornea
posterior: iris->lens |
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Term
|
Definition
| btwn cornea and lens; holes release excess fluid that build up in chamber |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid being made but hold are plugged and can't get released (inc. pressure) |
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Term
|
Definition
-gelatinous (clear)
-formed during embryonic development; same amount from birth-adult
-eyeballs stay same throughout life |
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Term
|
Definition
-contains elastic connective tissue
-changes shape to focus image
-crystal clear=lets light in
-contains some protein (if amt inc., lens become cloudy |
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Term
|
Definition
| pupil grows big to try to maintain light passage |
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Term
|
Definition
look at something distant=lens move posteriorly (thin)
look at near object=lens move anteriorly (thicker) |
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Term
|
Definition
| eyeballs rotate medially to allow for better focusing of light when viewing an object close up |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dim light; pupils bigger in diameter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bright light; pupil smaller in diameter |
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Term
|
Definition
| External ear, middle ear, and inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| auricle, external meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
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Term
|
Definition
| tympanic cavity, auditory (eustachian tube), ossicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptors for hearing and equilibrium; sometimes called the labyrinth consists of an outer bony portion and membranous portion |
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Term
|
Definition
| may be used to gather sound (not useful in humans) |
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Term
| External Ear: external auditory meatus |
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Definition
s-shaped tube; outer 2/3 is made of cartilage, inner 1/3 made of bone
-contains hairs and glands, cerumen (earwax) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of external auditory meatus (swimmer's ear) |
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Term
| External Ear: Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) |
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Definition
| separates outer ear from middle ear; translucent enough to see malleous attached to inner surface |
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Term
| Tympanic Membrane: 3 Layers |
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Definition
1. outer-modified skin
2. middle-fibrous later
3. Inner-mucous later |
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Term
| Middle Ear: auditory (eustachian tube) |
|
Definition
| connects middle ear and nasopharynx; horizontal children and vertical in an adult |
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Term
| Middle Ear: Ossicles (bones) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attached to tympanic membrane; shaped like a hammer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interposed between malleus and stapes; anvil |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inserted into oval window of inner ear; smallest of the 3 bones |
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Term
| Otitis Media (middle ear infection) |
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Definition
| in children, bacteria can easily travel from nasopharynx to middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inside of membranous portion |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| series of cell with hair that goes around the coil tube; bending of hairs-> electrical impulse-> brain to be analyzed |
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Term
|
Definition
| cochlear division of CN VIII-> nucleau f VIII in the medulla-> thalamus-> auditory cortex of temporal lobe |
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Term
|
Definition
| Semicircular canals, utricle and saccule, vestibular pathway |
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Term
| Vestibular apparatus: Semicircular canals (3) |
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Definition
| sense dynamic equilibrium; hair cells move and create and electrical impulse when we are moving such as in an elevator or a car |
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Term
| Vestibular apparatus: utricle and saccule |
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Definition
| sense static equilibrium; sense position of head in space |
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Term
| Vestibular apparatus: Vestibular Pathway |
|
Definition
cochlear nerve+vestibular nerves
*vestibulo-cochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) |
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Term
| HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM: 2 branches |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
|
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord (both contain components of autonomic NS)
-Sensory and Dorsal=Afferent
-Motor and Ventral=Efferent |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of conducting elements or cells called neaurons and accessory elements called neuroglia (supporting cells) and meninges (coverings) |
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Term
| Neurons: Functional Classification |
|
Definition
| sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), associative (interneuron) |
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Term
| Neurons: sensory (afferent) |
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Definition
| neuron that delivers info to CNS |
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Term
| Neurons: motor (efferent) |
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Definition
| neuron that carries info to PNS |
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Term
| Neurons: associative (interneuron) |
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Definition
| neuron located btwn sensory and motor neurons=>modifies message |
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Term
| Neurons: Structural Classification |
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Definition
| multipolar, bipolar, unipolar |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurons found throughout brain and spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in retina of eyes and inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in ganglia clusters of neurons adjacent to spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains most of the organelles typically found in cells ego nucleau, mitochondria, golgi complex, ect (*NO CENTRIOLE, NO reproduction) |
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Term
| Cell Body: Nissi bodies (chromatorphilic bodies) |
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Definition
| clusters of free ribosomes that produce proteins (in RER) |
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Term
|
Definition
| represents cytoskeleton of neuron; helps maintain shape of nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dendrites and Axon (nerve fiber) |
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Term
|
Definition
-more than one per neuron
-transmits INTO cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
-only ONE per neuron
-transmits FROM cell body |
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Term
| Nerve Fibers: characteristics |
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Definition
| Myelin sheath, neurilemma, nodes of ranvier, synaptic vesicles, |
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Term
|
Definition
-cells wrap around axon that conduct electrical impulses
-produced by oliogodendrocytes (in CNS) and schwann cells (in PNS)
-composed of lipid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cell wall of oligodendrocytes or schwanna cell (every cell has a cell wall specific to the 2 cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of axon NOT covered by myelin sheath (activity occurs btwn myelin sheath) |
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Term
|
Definition
| oligodendrocyte, microglia, astrocyte, ependymal cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| schwanna cells and satellite cells |
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|
Term
| Neuroglia (CNS): Oligodendrocyte |
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Definition
| produces myelin covering around nerve fibers (axons) in CNS |
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|
Term
| Neuroglia (CNS): Microglia (smallest) |
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Definition
| phagocytic cell of CNS; ingest dead of damaged tissue (ex. hitting head) |
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|
Term
| Neuroglia (CNS): Astrocyte |
|
Definition
assists in nourishment of neurons in CNS; helps for Blood-Brain Barrier
*Foot Processes: closer together in adults, infants-less effect BBB, premies-extra material in CNS/blood bc of faulty BBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of:
1. astrocyte
2. basement membrane
3. endothelial wall of capillaries
-regulates what substances pass from blood stream into CNS; bigger gap between astrocytes=more things able to pass thru |
|
|
Term
| Neuroglia (CNS): Ependymal Cells |
|
Definition
| lines cavities or ventricles of brain filled with fluid; forms a wall btwn fluid and brain |
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Term
| Neuroglia (PNS): Schwanna Cells (neurolemmocytes) |
|
Definition
| produces myelin covering around nerve cells (axons) in PNS |
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|
Term
| Neuroglia (PNS): Satellite Cells |
|
Definition
| regulates nourishment to neurons in PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| cluster of neurons in CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| cluster of neurons in PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of axons in CNS (spinal cord) |
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|
Term
| Foot Processes (of astrocytes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communication btwn neurons; space between the axon of pre-synaptic neuron and dendrite of postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| Presynatpic neuron, synaptic cleft, post synaptic neuron |
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Term
| Synapse: presynaptic neuron |
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Definition
| neuron before synapse; sends the signal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapse: post synaptic neuron |
|
Definition
| neuron after synapse; recleves signal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
composed of a terminal part of axon and receptor site on a muscle fiber; causes muscle weakness
-neurotransmitter=Ach |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Na+ moves in, K+ moves out
-impulse travels alongside of surface of axon
-continuous conduction vs. saltatory conduction |
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Term
| Nerve Impulse: Continous conduction |
|
Definition
| travels in a continuous flow along axon (type C) |
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|
Term
| Nerve Impulse: Saltatory Conduction |
|
Definition
| impulse jumps or is transmitted from one node of ranvier to another (type A) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A fibers, B fibers, C fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most heavily myelinated; sharp stabbing pain and fastest conducting |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate in the amount of myelin; dull pain depending on system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| least amount of myelin; dull pain |
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|
Term
| Excitatory neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| cause depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-NT of neuromuscular junction
-controls skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body produces antibodies that block binding of ACh to muscles |
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|
Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron preventing the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse |
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|
Term
| Enkephalins and Endorphins |
|
Definition
| natural pain killer made in the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| located on the vertebral column; extent from foramen magnun to intevertebral disc btwn L1-L2** |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a cone-shaped terminal part of spinal cord |
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|
Term
| cauda equine ("horse's-tail") |
|
Definition
| composed of nerve fibers or axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from tip of conus medullaris a connective tissue fiber extends to the sacrum- composed of pia mater |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| need a lot of neurons to control upper limbs (for FINE movement) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thickened regions of spinal cord |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue coverings; 3 layers-dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
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Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer; tough as parchment (strongest) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most delicate, very thin middle layer; like cellophane (transparent web-like) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue covering that touches spinal cord and brain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-located deep to arachnoid btwn arachnoid and pia mater
-filled with CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID |
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|
Term
| Cerebralspinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
-CLEAR, COLORLESS, ODORLESS
-produced by specialized capillaries called the choroid plexus produced in ventricles of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located EXTERNAL to dura mater; contains fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located INTERNAL to dura mater; normally nothing found in this space-arachnoid is pressed against dura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of themeninges (arachnoid and pia mater)
diagnosis: spinal tap or lumbar puncture |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Tap: vertebral level at which this procedure can be done safely |
|
Definition
| *L4-L5 OR L3-L4; use illiac crest to draw imaginary line (where L4-L5 is) |
|
|
Term
| Spinal tap: order of structures to reach subarachnoid space |
|
Definition
| skin-> subcutaneous tissue-> ligaments-> dura mater-> arachnoid mater |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of fibers (bundles of axons->tracts) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contains CELL BODIES of neurons (ventral gray horn-motor neuron cell bodies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains SENSORY nerve fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contains SENSORY neuron CELL BODIES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal AND ventral root (has both sensory/afferent AND motor/efferent fibers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptor-> Sensory Neuron-> Interneuron (associated neuron)-> Motor Neuron-> Effector (muscle)
*3 neurons, 2 synapses connecting neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contract to prevent overstretch
Receptor-> Sensory Neuron->Motor Neuron-> Effector (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal (posterior) primary ramus |
|
Definition
| supplies to lower spinal area (deep back muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Ventral (anterior) primary ramus |
|
Definition
| larger in diameter bc supplies upper and lower extremities |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
*Lumbar and Sacral= Lumbo-sacral plexus |
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|
Term
| Nerve Plexuses: Cervical (C1-C4) |
|
Definition
Phrenic nerve (major branch)
"C3, 4, 5 Keeps You Alive"
-innervates diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Nerve Plexuses: Brachial (C5-T1) |
|
Definition
-supplies upper extremities
-Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Radial, Ulnar, Median |
|
|
Term
| Brachial Plexus: Axillary |
|
Definition
-supplies DELTOID; deep in armpit
-can't abduct
-lose flexion/extension |
|
|
Term
| Brachial Plexus: Musculocutaneous |
|
Definition
-supplies BICEPS BRACHII
-lose most of supination
-lose flexion of arm at elbow |
|
|
Term
| Brachial Plexus: Radial (posterior) |
|
Definition
-supplies TRICEPS
-lose extension of elbow, wrist, finger
-"Wrist-Drop": can't grab |
|
|
Term
| Brachial Plexus: Ulnar (medial, anterior aspect of forearm) |
|
Definition
-supplies LUMBRICALS
-weakness in wrist flexion
-"Claw-Hand": nerves of lumbricals on ulnar side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-supplies THENAR EMINENCE (thumb, 1st, 2nd digit)
-"Ape-Hand" and "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome" |
|
|
Term
| Nerve Plexuses: Lumbo-Sacral Plexus (L1-S4) |
|
Definition
| Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic (Tibial+Common Fibular), Pudendal |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Femoral |
|
Definition
-anterior; quadraceps
-lose extension of knee |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Obturator |
|
Definition
-foramen of ox coxae
-muscles on medial aspect of thigh
-lose adduction of thigh |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Sciatic |
|
Definition
| posterior aspect of thigh; hamstrings |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Tibial (larger branch of SCIATIC) |
|
Definition
| posterior aspect of calves; gastronemius |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Common Fibular (SCIATIC) |
|
Definition
-anterior lateral component of leg; tibualis anterior and muscles of dorsiflexion
-"Foot-Drop": dorsiflexion
-lose eversion |
|
|
Term
| Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Pudendal |
|
Definition
-blocked during childbirth
-innervated by pelvis
-lose continence (i.e of urinary bladder) |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 16-NS: BRAIN I)
BRAIN: 3 Major Parts |
|
Definition
| Cerebrum, Brain Stem. Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere) |
|
Definition
-divided into two hemisphere (left+right)
-tracts (fiber bundles) provide connections between the cerebral hemispheres->corpus collosum |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrum: Corpus Collosum |
|
Definition
-a large fiber bundle connecting one cerebral hemisphere with the other
-allows for a transfer of info |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrum: Gray Matter (cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
contains NEURON CELL BODIES
-gyri: ridges
-sucli: grooves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains AXONS most of which are myelinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory in function (general sense) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| auditory function (special sensory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep to the lateral sulcus (fissure); although its function is not completely known, it is thought to integrate nervous activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located btwn frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrum: Lateral Sulcus (fisher) |
|
Definition
| separates temporal from frontal and parietal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary motor area (4), primary sensory area (3,1,2), area for hearing (41,42), visual area (17,18,19), Broca's area (44,45), Wernicke's Area (22) |
|
|
Term
| Primary Motor Area/Pre-Central Gyris (4) |
|
Definition
| gyris parallel to central sulcus in frontal lobe; initiates movement |
|
|
Term
| Primary Sensory Area/Post-Central Gyris (3,1,2) |
|
Definition
| gyris posterior, parallel to central sulcus; touch, pressure, pain, temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 41->sound, 42->where sound is; in temporal lobe for perception and identifying sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 17->flashes of light, 18->location of colors, 19->picture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary motor area (speech); located in frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composing the written word (order of words); in temporal region
-disorder: dyslexia |
|
|
Term
| Homunculus ("little man") |
|
Definition
| A body map of the primary motor cortex and the somatic sensory cortex. *size of cortex does not correspond to the size of body part--- it depends on NEURONS that are needed to control eacjh function (biggest: hand+face) |
|
|
Term
| Arterial Supply (brain's blood vessels) |
|
Definition
Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
*forms Circle of Willis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle cerebral artery and Anterior cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
| Internal Carotid: Middle Cerebral Artery |
|
Definition
| supplies the LATERAL surface of the cerebrm; supplies neurons that control UPPER LIMB |
|
|
Term
| Internal Carotid: Anterior Cerebral Artery |
|
Definition
| supplies the MEDIAL surface of the cerebrum; supply neurons that control LOWER LIMB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
veins draining the brain empty into folds of dura called dural VENOUS SINUSES.
blood is carried to the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced within cavities of the brain called ventricles-> into the subarachnoid space and protects brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VASCULAR structure; filters blood (cells and liquid) to clear watery fluid |
|
|
Term
| Path of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
| Lateral Ventricle-> Third Ventricle-> Cerebral Aqueduct-> Fourth Ventricle-> Subarachnoid Space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles and or subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 17-NS: BRAIN II)
Brain Stem: 3 Parts |
|
Definition
-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
-Midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
location: foramen magnum
contents: cardiovascular and respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location: superior to medulla
contents: part of respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location: superior to pons
contents: auditory and visual reflex centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location: superior to midbrain (beneath corpus collosum)
contents: relay center for all sensations except smell |
|
|
Term
| Diencephalon: Hypothalamus (below) |
|
Definition
location: superior to midbrain (inferior to thalamus) and connects to pituitary gland
contents: nuclei control sleep/wake cycle, control eating, autonomic NS |
|
|
Term
| Reticular Activating Center(RAS) |
|
Definition
| column of neurons that are located in middle of brainstem from the thalamus to the medulla. These neurons maintain a conscious state. When damaged, coma may result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordinated movement (e.g controls flexor and extensor muscles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initiates movements in an adult (controls movements of newborn babies)
-substantia nigra (black substance): involved in gross movements. when damaged, PARKINSON'S disease develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by many parts of the brain; functions include sex drive, major memory center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of ascending or descending bundles of nerve fibers which conduct info between the brain and spinal cord
-sensory pathway: fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
-motor pathway: corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (sensory) |
|
Definition
stimulus received from right side-> synapsed-> stimulus (left side)-> thalamus (RELAYS INFO)
-origin: spinal cord
-decussation (where it crosses over): medulla
-destination: area 3,1,2 |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal Tract (motor) |
|
Definition
descending tract: left side of brain-> pons-> medulla-> bends/crosses over to left (does not synapse)
-origin: area 4 (upper motor neuron)
-decussation: medulla
-destination: spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cell body usually located in GRAY matter of cortex (precentral gyris-area 4)
-its axons synapses on a LOWER motor neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cell body is in the brain STEM or SPINAL CORD
-its axon synapses on SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to either upper/lower motor neurons. the specific effects this damage has on muscular activity depends upon # of neurons damaged and location |
|
|
Term
| Poliomyelitis (Lower Motor Neuron Lesion) |
|
Definition
| results from viral infection which damages the lower motor neurons located in the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord. neurons in lumbar enlargement are more affected resulting in symptoms in lower limb (flaccid paralysis, reflexes absent, muscles atrophy) |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrovascular Accident-CVA/Stroke (Upper Motor Neuron Lesion) |
|
Definition
blockage or rupture of blood vessels supplying the brain may result in ISCHEMIA (inadq. BF). neurons will die resulting in LOSS OF FXN.
if damage occured in neurons of motor cortex or corticospinal tract these symptoms may occur: spastic paralysis, reflexes intact (but abnormal-exaggerated), babinski response present (big toe-> dorsiflex; other toes-> fan out) |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 18-NS)
Cranial Nerves |
|
Definition
12 pairs of motor and/or sensory nerves emerge from the inferior surface of the brain. nerves supply head, neck, or trunk.
*olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: Olfactory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-SENSORY
-axons gather at eyeball to form nerve -formed by ganglionic cells |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: Oculomotor |
|
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls skeletal muscle (move eyeball)
-controls smooth muscle of iris and ciliary body |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: trochlear |
|
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls ONE muscle that moves the eyeball |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: trigeminal |
|
Definition
-BOTH
-supplies teeth (toothache)
-muscles of massification (masseter, temporalis, later/medial pterygoid)
-sensory nerve to face, skin, teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls one extrinsic muscle of eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-BOTH
-muscles of facial expression (obicular oris/facilis)
-sensory for the earlobe
-carries taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue to brain
-controls lacrimal gland secretion (tears) and salivary glands (submandibular+sublingual) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: vestibulocochlear |
|
Definition
-SENSORY
-hearing and balance (equilibrium) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: Glossopharyngeal |
|
Definition
-BOTH
-controls skeletal muscle in pharynx (gag reflex/pain)
-carries posterior 1/3 of tongue
-one salivary gland: parodal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-BOTH
-controls skeletal muscle in larynx
-autonomic fxn: supplies smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (heart)
-sensory to larynx and ear |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: Accessory |
|
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls sternalclydomastoid and trapezius |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves: Hypoglossal |
|
Definition
-MOTOR
-supplies muscles of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a MOTOR system which regulates activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (not carried out at a conscious lvl)
-components of CNS and PNS: hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinalcord
-2 neuron chain: neuron #1=PREglanglionic (visceral->CNS)
neuron #2=POSTganglionic (efferent->PNS) |
|
|
Term
| ANS: Somatic Motor (Skeletal Muscle) |
|
Definition
motor unit= 1 motor neuron and ALL the skeletal muscle fibers in innervates
-most nerves are thick/myelinated, rapid conduction |
|
|
Term
| ANS: Visceral Motor (smooth/cardiac muscle, glands) |
|
Definition
autonomic NS 2 neuron chain (pre and post ganglionic)
-most post nerves are thin and unmyelinated, slow conduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Thoracolumbar"-where 1st and 2nd neurons are located |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PREganglionic: at all thoracic lvls and some of lumbar (L1+L2); neuron=Ach
-POSTganglionic: sympathetic chain or paravertebral ganglia OR prevertebral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic: NEUROTRANSMITTER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Flight or Flight" response (excited) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains cells derived from postganglionic neurons
-location: center of adrenal gland (on top of kidneys)
-secretions: norepinephrine (neurotransmitter) and epinephrine(hormone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "CranioSacaral"- brain and sacral lvl of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic: LOCATION |
|
Definition
-PREganglionic: nuclei of CRANIAL NERVES located in brainstem
cranial nerve (3)
facial nerve (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
and sacral region of spinal cord (lvls 2,3,4)
-POSTganglionic: inside/next to target |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic: NEUROTRANSMITTER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Heartrate |
|
Definition
sympathetic: INC
parasympathetic: DEC |
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Smooth Muscle of Bronchioles |
|
Definition
sympathetic: DILATE
para: CONSTRICT |
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Urinary Bladder |
|
Definition
sympathetic: FILL
para: EXPEL |
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Digestive Tract |
|
Definition
sympathetic: DEC movement
para: INC movement |
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Sweat Glands |
|
Definition
sympathetic: INC
para: NO EFFECT |
|
|
Term
| Effects on Organs: Arrector pili m. |
|
Definition
sympathetic: INC (goosebumps)
para: NO EFFECT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sympathetic: DILATE
para: CONSTRICT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally in sympathetic division constricts most blood vessels. INC BP-> divert blood away from skin/abdominal organs-> more blood for heart/skeletal muscles-> dilate blood vessels |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 21: HEART I)
foramen ovale |
|
Definition
-opening in septum between atria
-closes to form fossa ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-double walled sac enclosing heart and vessel roots
-visceral and parietal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner sac
-attached to heart like skin of an apple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -thin layer of watery fluid that reduces friction when heart pumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seperates atria from ventricles
-contains CORONARY ARTERIES AND CIRCUMFLEX ARTERIES |
|
|
Term
| anterior and posterior interventricular sulci |
|
Definition
-seperates ventricles
-contains interventricular arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-epicardidium
-myocardium
-endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outer
-composed of fibrous CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-middle
-composed of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner
-composed of simple squamous epithelium and covers valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-superior/inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-right atrium
-tricuspid valve
-right ventricle
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary semilunar valve
-pulmonary arteries
-lungs
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
-bicuspid (mitral) valve
-left ventricle
-base of aorta
-aortic semilunar valve
-arch of aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-finger-like projections from wall of heart
-prevents valve inversion
-stabilizes valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -cord-like tendons that attach papillary muscles to tricuspid and bicuspid valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -divides into two pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 22: HEART II)
SA node |
|
Definition
-pacemaker
-collection of specialized "conducting cells" in RIGHT ATRIUM
-initiates heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-receives message from SA node and sends to bundle of His
-located in right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collection of nerve fibers (tract) located in interventricular septum
-transmits message to Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-located in walls of ventricles
-conduct impulse to myocardium
-results in ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-releases norepinephrine
-acts on SA node
-INC HR/strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
-releases acetylcholine
-inhibitory
-DEC HR/strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-SA node initiates
-atria contract, force blood into both ventricles
-complete heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ventricles contract
-AV valves close/semilunar valves open
-blood in right ventricle exits through pulmonary arties
-blood in left ventricle exits through aorta
-blood is under highest pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ventricles relax
-semilunar valves close/AV valves open
-blood fills atria waiting for signal from SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-70 times per minute
-systolic/diastolic = 120mmHg/80mmHg |
|
|
Term
| amount of blood pumped every minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -act of listening to sounds of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Semilunar Valves closing |
|
|
Term
| ausculatory areas (lateral sides of heart) |
|
Definition
-aorta
-pulmonic
-tricuspid
-mitro/bicuspid
*A Physical ToMorrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aortic semilunar valve
-2nd intercostal space
-right side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pulmonic semilunar valve
-2nd intercostal space
-left side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-right AV valve
-5th intercostal space
-right side of sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-left AV valve
-5th intercostal space
-left side of sternum(apex of heart) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood is drained from heart tissue through here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coronary veins enter here and empties into right atrium |
|
|
Term
| right coronary artery (SA NODE) |
|
Definition
-marginal
-supplies myocardium of lateral side of right heart
-posterior interventricular
-travels in septum to supply posterior ventricles
-right atrium/ventricle |
|
|
Term
| left coronary arteries (BUNDLE OF HIS) |
|
Definition
-circumflex
-supplies left atrium
-anterior interventricular
-supplies interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| (LECTURE 23: Blood Vessels I) |
|
Definition
| Arteries-> Arterioles-> Capillaries-> Venules-> Veins-> HEART |
|
|
Term
| blood vessels transport... |
|
Definition
-oxygen
-nutrients
-waste
-hormones |
|
|
Term
| general structure of blood vessels |
|
Definition
| -tubular structure containing a lumen (opening)surrounded by walls composed of layers (tunics) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner layer "endothelium"
-composed of simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-middle layer
-composed of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outer layer
-composed of connective tissue (collagen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vessels of vessels
-supply vessel walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 tunics
-thick tunica media
-elastic fibers in wall (for INC BP)
-tansport blood from heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 tunics
-tunica media regulates blood flow to capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-endothelium only
-very thin permeable walls
-tunica intima |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 tunics
-very thin
-take blood TO heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 tunics
-fewer smooth muscle than arteries
-larger lumen
-contain "valves" to direct blood flow (low BP) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation (autonomic system)of blood vessels |
|
Definition
-constricts blood vessels of abdominal viscera (most vessels)
-dilates blood vessels of heart and skeletal muscle
-accomplished by acting on smooth muscle of tunica media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -supplies brachiocephalic and right/left coronaries (righ-supplies right atrium and posterior both ventricles; left-supplies left atrium and anterior both ventricles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -supplies right subclavian and right common carotid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies internal (brain) and external carotid (face and neck) |
|
|
Term
| right subclavian (shoulder) |
|
Definition
| supplies vertebral (supplies brain) and axillary |
|
|
Term
| axillary (muscles of pectoral region) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies radial and ulnar |
|
|
Term
| radial and ulnar (forearm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| palmer arches (thumb and fingers) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-celiac trunk
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
-renal and gonadal
-common illiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies stomach (gastric), spleen (splenic), liver (hepatic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies internal/external illiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies anterior and posterior tibial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies dorsalis pedis and dorsal/plantar arches |
|
|
Term
| dorsal and plantar arches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies dorsal/plantar arches |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 24: Blood Vessels II)
special circulation |
|
Definition
| pulmonary circuit and hepatic-portal circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-right ventricle
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries
-lungs
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium |
|
|
Term
| hepatic portal circulation |
|
Definition
-blood enters liver from hepatic artery (brings O2 to liver) and portal vein (receives blood from superior/inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein)
*Blood is DRAINED from the liver by the hepatic vein which empties into the INFERIOR Vena Cava |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle Sphincters (AV Shunts) |
|
Definition
-located at the junction of arterioles and capillaries and the junction of arterioles and veins.
-constriction of these sphincters determine direction of BLOOD FLOW.
-controlled under sympathetic (autonomic) system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(brain, deep face, neck)
-drains into internal jugular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(face and neck)
-drains into external jugular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into brachiocephalic |
|
|
Term
| brachiocephalic (2 branches) |
|
Definition
| drains into superior vena cava-> HEART |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into radial and ulnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(lateral upper limb)
-drains into subclavian and basilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(medial upper limb)
-drains into axillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects cephalic and basilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vein for drawing blood: MEDIAL CUBITAL
-easy to find;superficial
-low BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1 Brachial-Cephalic ARTERY
-2 Brachial-Cephalic VEINS |
|
|
Term
| superior/inferior mesenteric/splenic (filter blood) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into hepatic (liver) |
|
|
Term
| hepatic/renal gonadal/common illiac |
|
Definition
| drains into inferior vena cava-> HEART |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into common illiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into external illiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(medial lower limb)
-drains into femoral
-superficial vein in leg commonly used for coronary bypass surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anterior/posterior tibial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| venous arches (foot) digitals |
|
Definition
| drains into anterior/posterior tibial |
|
|
Term
| (LECTURE 25: Lymphatic System) |
|
Definition
| consists of lymphatic vessels which carry a fluid, lymph. clusters of lymphoid tissue called lymph nodes are located along vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-widely distributed throughout body
-run alongside blood vessels within loose CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -begin as blind ended tubes |
|
|
Term
| medium large lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
-thicker walled than capillaries
-smooth fibers surround vessel
-valves; permit fluid to flow in one direction ONLY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-right (20% of people) lactealsand thoracic
-largest lymph vessels
-thickest walled
-valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found only in intestine
-transport products of fat digestion |
|
|
Term
| function of lymphatic system |
|
Definition
-removal and transport of tissue fluid
-immunological defenses
-drainage system (one direction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue-> lymph capillaries-> lymph vessels-> lymph ducts-> venous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-drains right upper extremeties (limb,thorax,face)
-empties into right subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-drains right abdomen/lower right limbs and whole left side of body
-empties into left subclavian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clear, watery
-plasma
-plasma proteins
-lipids
-lymphocytes
-misc debris (bacteria, malignant cells, viruses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -due to differences in pressure, more fluid leaves capillaries than is returned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscles
and abdominal organ muscles push fluid along
-negative pressure in thorax helps drain fluid up through thoracic duct
-valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -small, oval, clusters of lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-filtration of foreign particles
-production of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| structure and contents of lymph nodes |
|
Definition
-enclosed in fibrous capsule
-afferent/efferent vessels
-reticular fibers
-macrophages
-aggregation of t-cells
-germinal centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -meshwork which traps debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area where B cells develop and become plasma cells which make antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-left upper quadrant
-between 9th and 11th ribs
-lateral posterior to stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-red pulp
-white pulp
-reticular fibers
-sinusoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -blood flowing though meshwork of fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -clusters of lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -irregular passageway of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-production of blood cells (fetal-all, adult-lymphocytes)
-storage: platelets, WBC, RBC, iron
-filtration: disposes old RBCs
-immune function: produces lymphocytes and antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue
-in thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-during prenatal and postnatal it produces T cells
-usually degenerates with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clusters of lymphoid tissue
-guard entrance to resp/dig system
-pharyngeal
-paletine
-lingual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-roof of nasopharynx (adenoids)
-can cause ear infection if inflamed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"the tonsils"
-each side of oropharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
|
Term
(LECTURE 28: Blood)
FUNCTIONS |
|
Definition
-transport
-protection
-regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-body temp (water it contains provides means for dissipation of heat)
-volume of body water
-pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-55% plasma
-45% cellular components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-90% water
-plasma proteins
-ions
-compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-albumin
-fibrinogen
-globulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-many functions including transport and BP regulation
-very large, affects osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transport of lipids
-antibody formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses hemoglobin for oxygen transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -phagocytosis of bacteria/debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -fights parasitic infections and allergies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contain histamine
-affects vascular permeability
-increase in number in some leukemias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-phagocytosis
-moves into tissues and becomes macrophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-immune defense
-fight viral infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small, granular fragments
-portion of cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of fetal hemopoiesis |
|
Definition
| -yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| location of adult hemopoiesis |
|
Definition
| -red bone marrow-sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, head of humerus/femur, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| at birth all bone marrow is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adults have this much red bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hormone produced in kidney
-influences rate of production of new blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Pleuripotential stem cells |
|
Definition
| gives rise to all blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stopping of bleeding to prevent blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue damage-> platelets adhere to collagen-> constriction of clood vessels at tunica media-> becomes sticky and release thrombin-> fibrinogen-> fibrin-> forms clot with calcium and vitamin K |
|
|
