Term
| What does Boyle's law state? |
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Definition
| The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. |
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Term
| What occurs during quiet breathing? |
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Definition
| Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. |
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Term
| How is most CO2 in the blood transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fact would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important chemical regulator of inspiration? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Hering-Breuer reflex? |
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Definition
| It protects the lungs from damage due to overinflamation. |
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Term
| What are waves of muscular contractions that propel contents of the digestive tract called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the activities of the digestive system regulated? |
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Definition
Hormones
Para/Sympathetic Neurons
Intrinsic Nerve Plexes |
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Term
| What organ has as its primary responsibility water absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The crown of the tooth is covered with what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The uvula is located where? |
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Definition
| At the posterior margin of the soft palate. |
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Term
| What do parietal cells secrete? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do chief cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
When the the pH of the blood in the gastric veins greater than normal?
Following a large meal or during a fast? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
Bile production
Metabolic regulation
Albumin production |
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|
Term
| Tom has hepatitis. Which symptom would you expect to see? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The function of the TCA cycle is to do what? |
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Definition
| Remove hydrogen atoms from the organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during glycolysis? |
|
Definition
A molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of Pyruvic acid
Two molecules of ATP are consumed
hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
Reduced molecules transfer energy for ATP formation
NADH and FADH2 donate H+
Oxidative phosporylation leads to ATP formation |
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|
Term
| What does the energy for the synthesis of ATP come form in oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| The movement of H+ through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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|
Term
| Where is most of the ATP from metabolism produced? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during lipolysis? |
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Definition
| Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. |
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|
Term
| Why is cholesterol important? |
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Definition
It is the precursor of vitamin-D and steroid hormone
It is found in bile
It is a component of cell membranes |
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|
Term
| What is ammonia converted to to prevent toxicity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the absorptive state? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is brown fat concentrated around the visceral organs in adults? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is blood supplied to a nephron? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the process of filtration occur in the kidneys? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does sympathetic stimulation of the kidney increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are blood cells and large particles normally found in the filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the final electron acceptor of metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the urinary system regulate blood volume and pressure? |
|
Definition
Adjusting the volume of water lose in urine
Regulating NaCl levels in the blood
Releasing Renin |
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|
Term
| What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| Absorption of ions, organic moleculs, and water |
|
|
Term
| What are gallstones primarily composed of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What primarily causes pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
| Gallstoens, alcoholism, and cystic fibrosis |
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|
Term
| Where is Kwashiorkor most commonly found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose appears in the urin of diabetes when blood glucose levels do what? |
|
Definition
| Exceed the renal threshold for glucose |
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|
Term
| Which enzyme stimulates pancreatic secretion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme stimulate gall bladder contaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme stimulates gastric acid secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme slows gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down lipids |
|
|
Term
| What does enterokinase do? |
|
Definition
| An intestinal enzyme that activates proenzymes |
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|
Term
| What are capillaries that have a complete lining called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does pumping by the smooth muscle in teh wall of the vein cause foward movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When BP increases
when capillary permeability increase
When plasma concentration of proteins are decreased |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the inhibition of EPO a mechanism in response to blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Defending the body against infection and other hazards |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are areas of the spleen called that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are immunoglobulins part of the nonspecific defenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lymphocytes phagocytic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of physical barriers against pathogens? |
|
Definition
Mucus
Epithelia
Sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| Jogn's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John has what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do MHC proteins bind complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Class I MHC moleculs found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are class II MHC proteins found? |
|
Definition
| On antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are inappropriate or excessive immune responses called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe vocal folds are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal fold and produces what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow to a tissue will increase when? |
|
Definition
| If CO2 level at the tissue increases |
|
|
Term
| How do Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is osmolarity of the interstitial fluid related to vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Starling's law of the heart state? |
|
Definition
| The greater the venous return, the greater the contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure that declines along the length of the capillary? |
|
Definition
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What produces surfactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces surfactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? |
|
Definition
| Acts as a transcription factor and binds DNA, activbating a gene |
|
|
Term
| Which substance activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains hormone receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pituitary hormone controls teh release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis in teh liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing disease results from an excess of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes which disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a diabetic patient receives too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ for insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is type II diabetes characterized by? |
|
Definition
| A lack of resonse by target cells to insulin |
|
|
Term
| What happens to energy reserces during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)? |
|
Definition
| They are mobilized for use |
|
|
Term
| What is plasma closest in composition to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would the level of erythropoietin in the blood fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are AB blood types considered the universal recipient's for transfusions? |
|
Definition
| Their blood lacks A and B antibodies |
|
|
Term
| When are anti-D antibodies present in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Rh negative individuals who ahve been exposed to the D surface antigens |
|
|
Term
| What are the most numerous WBC in the peropheral circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to do what? |
|
Definition
| Cause clot dissolution to proceed faster |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker cells in teh SA node can do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the QRS comples represent in the ECG tracing? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular Depolarization |
|
|
Term
| What is an important difference b/w cardiac and skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac muscle cant be tetanized |
|
|
Term
| THe long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to what? |
|
Definition
| Calcium channels remaining open |
|
|
Term
| The closing of the left AV valvle occurs near the beginning of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What most correctly describes the end-diastolic volume? |
|
Definition
| The volume of the ventricle when it's most full |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac outpout increased by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diesease does NOT affect the blood's ability to clot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congestion in vongestive heart failure is due to what? |
|
Definition
| Fluid build-=up in the lungs and body |
|
|
Term
| What is the target of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma w/o clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the release of ACTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases the sodium excretion |
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