Term
| The three main functions of blood |
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Definition
| Transport, Homeostasis, and Protection |
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Term
| What are the four things you can transport with blood? |
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Definition
gases
Nutrients & waste
Regulatory molecules |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of protections afforded by blood? |
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Definition
| vascular integrity and immune cells and molecules |
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Term
| What percent of body weight is in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood is a specialized ? tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you separate components of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 layers when centrifugation is done from top and ending with bottom. |
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Definition
Plasma (top)
WBCs & platelets (buffy coat)
RBCs (the hematocrit |
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Term
| Without an anticoagulant what will still be left in serum? |
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Definition
Protein rich fluid CONTAINS albumin, immunoglobulins and other components
LACKING fibrinogen |
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Term
| What are the two elements blood is made up of? |
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Definition
| Plasma and Formed Elements |
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Term
| What plasma protein is the most abundant protein (65%), responsible for osmolarity and viscosity |
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Definition
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Term
| Other plasma proteins that are clotting proteins are? |
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Definition
| fibrinogens and globulins |
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Term
| What are 3 other types of plasma proteins? |
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Definition
| globulins, storage or transport proteins, and antibodies |
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Term
| What makes up 91% of plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of plasma is protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Ions, small molecules, and lipids each make up ? |
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Definition
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Term
| ? - red blood cells, carry hemoglobin and certain other substances, 5 to 6 X 106/mm3. |
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Definition
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|
Term
? - white blood cells, part of defense and
immune mechanisms, 5 to 10 X 103/mm3. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ? - platelets, instrumental in the intrinsic blood clotting pathway, 150 to 200 X 103 /mm3. |
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Definition
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Term
| What constitute > 99% of blood cells by number? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What has a lifespan of 10 days? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What have a lifespan of many years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resilient and flexible shape of RBC is due to ?-based membrane skeleton linked to cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most abundant cells of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aged RBC are phagocytosed by macrophages in ? and ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hemoglobin abnormality has (oval shape RBC) an autosomal dominant disorder causes defects in the cytoskeleton due to defective self-association of spectrin subunits and binding of to ankyrin, protein 4.1defects and glycoprorin |
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Definition
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Term
| ? - = hemoblobin genetic defects (α2 βS2) changing the biconcave disk shape of RBC into rigid less deformable sickle –shaped cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ? - defective synthesis of α or β chains of the normal hemoglobin tetramer (α2 β2). Defined by anemia produced by the defective synthesis of the hemoglobin molecule and hemolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 clinical disorders of erythrocytes? |
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Definition
| elliptocytosis, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia |
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Term
| What are the last stage of RBC development? |
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Definition
| Reticulocytes (small % released into blood) |
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Term
What group of cells is this?
Size - larger than erythrocytes (10 - 18 µm diameter)
All - contain non-specific azurophilic (primary) granules that are equivalent to lysosomes
Granulocytes - contain specific (secondary) granules that contain specific enzymes for each cell type
Agranulocytes - no specific granules present |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name 3 types of granulocytes |
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Definition
Neutrophil (60%)
Eosinophil (4%)
Basophil (1%) |
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|
Term
| Name 2 types of agranulocytes? |
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Definition
Lymphocyte (T, B, NK) 26%
Monocyte (9%) |
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Term
| What contain specific (secondary) granules that contain specific enzymes for each cell type |
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Definition
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Term
| What have no specific granules present? |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells have observable granules in their cytoplasm. Their origin is the myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow. The granules contain digestive enzymes and all the granulocytes can act as phagocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ? the most numerous wbc, about 65% of normal white count. Most important phagocytic cell in the circulation. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMN) because of their multilobed shaped nucleus. They spend 8 to 10 days in the circulation making their way to sites of infection etc. where they engulf, bacteria, viruses, infected cells and debris. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Neutrophils have 2 types of granules the most numerous are ? which contain bactericidal agents such as lysozyme; the azurophilic granules are
lysosomes containing peroxidase and other enzymes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ? leave vessels and migrate to their site of action throughout the body. |
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Definition
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|
Term
? - movement out of blood into connective tissue
? - movement directed by homing molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| ? - When moving out of blood vessel and into post capillary venule (low pressure, thin wall). |
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Definition
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|
Term
| neutrophils are Phagocytic for ? bacteria – bacteria coated with antibodies |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Neutrophils can form extracellular ? of proteins and neutrophil chromatin as they die, in which bacteria are killed |
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Definition
| NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) |
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Term
| What may enter the CT as a first line of defense against parasites. They also participate in triggering bronchial asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| In eosinophils the crystalloid core of the specific granules are composed of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What counteract the actions of the basophils by secreting anti-histamine (histaminase) and other enzymes which combat inflammation in allergies, they help to remove antigen-antibody complexes |
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Definition
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Term
| ? also play a role in allergic reactions ,parasite infections, and chronic inflammation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ? is the term for increased eosinophils in circulation. Found in many types of parasitic diseases in which the number of eosinophils is increased. Intestinal parasites are the main cause |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Formed in BM ? measure 14-16 μm in diameter are blobbed with numerous densely basophilic specific granules that are fewer and larger than those in Neutrophils. |
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Definition
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Term
| ? mediate inflammation by secreting histamine and heparan sulfate (related to the anticoagulant heparin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ? makes blood vessels permeable? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What inhibits blood clotting? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are functionally related to mast cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proteoglycans are a mixture of what two things? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What can modulate the immune response of other immune cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basophils infiltrate what during an asthmatic attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do basophils infiltrate during hay fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| ? are small cytoplasmic fragments (2-4 μm) derived from the megakaryocyte., under control of the glycoprotein thrompopoietin produced in the kidney and liver. |
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Definition
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|
Term
are cellular derivatives from megakaryocytes which contain
factors responsible for the intrinsic clotting mechanism. They represent
fragmented cells which contain residual organelles including rough
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparati. They are seen in peripheral blood either singly or, often, in clusters, and have a lifespan of 5- 10 days |
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Definition
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Term
| ? - the "stopping of the blood". Triggered by a ruptured vessel wall it occurs in several steps: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When blood vessels are damaged, platelets bind to exposed ? and are activated. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are 4 substances released when platelets are activated? |
|
Definition
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Fibrinogen
Serotonin
ADP |
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|
Term
| ? - - produces platelets in bone marrow sinus |
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Definition
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|
Term
What has the following structure?
granules, mitochondria, glycogen, cytoskeleton
Granules - alpha (clotting factors), dense core (histamine) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are derived from megakaryocytes, number from 150,000 to 400,000/ml in the circulation with a 5 - 10 lifespan, these bind to subendothelium and are activated when blood vessels are damaged. |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets secrete factors involved in ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets promote clot formation by providing a surface to assemble coagulation protein complexes for ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
| What are the three main categories of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| T cells, b cells, and Natural killer cells |
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|
Term
| What is the physiological role of B-Lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
| Production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
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|
Term
| Both B and T cells once activated form ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are responsible for a more intense and faster immune response the second time an antigen is encountered |
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Definition
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Term
| What circulate 1/2 - 4 d in the blood, then enter the connective tissue, where they become macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
| Because these cells are in the connective tissue, they serve as the residential defense against pathogens. Phagocytic for bacteria, foreign matter and necrotic tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Specific names of some macrophages include: |
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Definition
| Kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia |
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|
Term
| Increased monocytes are seen in the blood in ? |
|
Definition
chronic inflammatory conditions and tuberculosis
(this is called monocytosis) |
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|
Term
| What phase of life has NO LEUKOCYTES? |
|
Definition
Yolk sac phase
(blood in 'islands' in yolk sac) |
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|
Term
| What phase of life has primitive nucleated RBCs, fetal hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What phase of life has mature RBCs, leukocytes and occurs around 12 weeks |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What phase of life has hematopoiesis occuring in pelvis, vertebrae, skull, ribs, ends of long bones |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 5 options that a myeloid stem cell has for a committed cell? |
|
Definition
| Granulocyte macrophage, eosinophil, basophil, megakaryocyte, erythroid |
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|
Term
| ? - - symmetric cell division yields daughter cells with same fate |
|
Definition
| Transient amplifying cells |
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Term
| Stem cells have the capacity to do what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Undifferentiated cell producing blood cells of all lineages are capable of self-renewal |
|
Definition
| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) |
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|
Term
| Undifferentiated cell producing cells of multiple lineages, limited self-renewal (e.g., myeloid SC, lymphoid SC) |
|
Definition
| Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) |
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Term
| - undifferentiated cell capable of producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units (CFUs) (e.g., erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU) |
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Definition
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Term
| active rRNA and ribosome synthesis (nucleoli visible) active gene expression (euchromatin in nucleus) secretory pathway inactive (no cytoplasmic granules) |
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Definition
| Proerythroblast (pronormoblast) |
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Term
| rRNA synthesis largely complete (no nucleoli) active protein synthesis in cytoplasm (basophilia) gene expression in nucleus (some heterochromatin) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| protein synthesis mostly complete (less basophilia) gene expression minimal (more heterochromatin) |
|
Definition
Polychromatophilic
erythroblast |
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|
Term
| protein synthesis complete (no or little basophilia) gene expression silenced (condensed chromatin) no mitosis, nucleus may be off-center |
|
Definition
Orthochromatic
erythroblast
(normoblast) |
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|
Term
| nucleus extruded, small cell size, enters peripheral blood, 1-2% of cells in blood, matures in 1-2 days |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Granulocyte - Macrophage ends up becoming? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Granulocytes can ALSO eventually become? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| basophil ends up becoming? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Basophil ends up becoming ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Megakaryocyte ends up becoming ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lymphoid stem cell gives rise to ? |
|
Definition
| T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte lineages |
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|
Term
| T - cell maturation occurs where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| B - cell maturation occurs where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is present in marrow, lymphatic tissue, connective tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| - major regulator of erythropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU cells and proerythroblasts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryocyte CFU cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| - increases production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells |
|
Definition
| Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) |
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|
Term
| - stimulate B- and T-cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the location of marrow proper and venous sinuses |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the location of - stromal cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, hematopoietic cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What is the location of - nutrient arteries supply marrow cavity
Stem cells and early precursor cells do not leave marrow |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Blood cell development in ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mature blood released into? |
|
Definition
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