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| Spanish Conquest of the America’s |
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| The settlement and political rule, which was initiated by the Spanish conquistadors and Columbus |
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| A fleet of 130 ships carrying 30,000 men and 2400 artillery pieces; It was dispatched by Phillip who wanted to conquer Elizabeth’s England |
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| The stop between Africa and the West Indies; 1 in three survived; Brutal conditions in which men committed suicide |
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| - The first successful English settlement located in the Virginia Colony; founded for quick profit; many originals died; Tobacco was the main source of profit |
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| - ex: Virginia Company; an early kind of corporation that sold shares of stock and used the pooled capital to outfit and supply overseas expeditions |
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| cultivation of tobacco; Married Pocahontas |
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| The Calvert family wanted it to be a refugee for Catholics |
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| English and Irish laborers who sold years of their working lives in exchange for free passage to America; ¾ were male between the ages of 15 and 24; Came from low rungs on the social ladder |
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| a protest by indentured servants against Native American raids on the frontier led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter; Jamestown was burned; first revolt and showed that they were unhappy with English rule |
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| Virginia’s royal governor; declared Bacon a rebel |
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| Wished to purify the Church of England; many settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; they came with families |
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| those who separated themselves entirely from the Church of England |
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| A minor member of the English gentry who led a group of English Puritans to the new world; Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; “City Upon a Hill” |
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| founded the colony of Rhode Island; advocated separation of church and state; gave the Massachusetts Bay Colony a hard time |
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| suggested that the Holy Spirit was absent in the preaching of some ministers; lead antinomianism |
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| Society of Friends; searching for a more just society and a purer religion; settled in Pennsylvania with leader William Penn |
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| a favorable balance of trade; export more than import; colonies were meant to serve as outlets for English manufactured goods, provide food and raw materials, and stimulate trade |
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| A list of colonial products that could only be shipped to England or other English colonies; to tighten control on the colonies trade |
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| resulted in political trade; control goes from Catholic to Protestant; political uprising in colonies; colonies want self government |
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| When England tried to put the colonies all under one government; led by Sir Edmund Andros |
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| 2 girls accused people of being witches; Trials went on and 20 died |
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| officials’ tortured and hung 50 black rebels; a small rebellion of black slaves |
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| led to abolitionist movement; started in Europe; a new way of thinking that stressed Science and Reason; reform, democracy, and liberation |
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| experimented with electricity (the lightening rod) |
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| needed because of religious apathy (2/3 of colonists didn’t go to church); responsible for “conversion”; need to be “born again” (an emotional movement) said by John Edwards; there isn’t one specific religion |
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| Seven Year’s War (French and Indian War) |
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| French lost everything in North America; British got French land and control of North America; fought for control of North America’s interior between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River |
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| reserved all land west of the line for Native American Nations |
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| the tax on imported French molasses was reduced from 6 to 3 pence per gallon and it added various colonial products to the list of commodities that could only be sent to England |
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| Parliament had forbidden the New England Colonies to issue paper money as legal tender, and now it extended that prohibition to all the colonies |
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exacted revenue from the American Colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents; people began boycotting British goods
House of Burgesses- first legislature to react to the stamp act; lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature |
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| composed mostly of artisans, shopkeepers, and ordinary citizens; they led resistance in Boston and elsewhere to the Stamp act |
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| asserted Parliaments power to enact laws for the colonies in “ all cases whatsoever”; Colonists became more aware of their liberties |
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| a series of acts passed in order to create revenue in the colonies to pay for governors and judges who would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulation, to punish the province of New York, and to establish the precedent that the British parliament had the right the tax the colonies |
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| required public funds for support of British troops garrisoned in the colony since the end of the Seven Years War |
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| Began the American Revolution; despite it being called a massacre, only 5 died |
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| Committee of Correspondence |
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| created to win other colonies’ sympathy; for coordinating written communication outside the colonies |
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| allowed the East India Company to ship its tea directly to North America with the colonists only paying a small tax |
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| when a band of Bostonians dressed up as Native Americans and flung $10,000 worth of East India Company’s tea into the Boston Harbor |
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| imposed toe Marshall law; closed the port of Boston until the colony paid for the destroyed tea |
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| started the 10-year debate for America to separate from Britain; 55 delegates in total from all colonies, but Georgia |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| issued paper money; authorized a 20,000 man army with George Washington as the leader; sent the olive branch petition |
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| Revolutionary Republicanism |
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| stressed liberty and rights as central values; borrowed from English political thought; influenced colonial protest movement because people began writing newspapers and tar and feather; colonists have the right to protest |
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| first shot of revolution; British troops were sent to seize colonial arms in Concord; Colonists found out and minutemen met them at Lexington |
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| General George Washington |
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| in chief of 20,000-man army |
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| Thomas Paine’s Common Sense |
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| a pamphlet denying the legitimacy of monarchy; wrote for the common people; encourages liberty; banded the colonists together towards the idea of independence |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| a document proposed by congress declaring independence from England |
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| American colonists who remained loyal to England |
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| people who rebelled against British rule |
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| Americans took overconfident Hessians by surprise; attacked during a storm on Christmas; American morale increased |
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| Turning point in war: psychological victory for Americans because of defeat of British regulars; France joined the Americans |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| represented a compromise; original constitution |
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| General Lord Charles Cornwallis |
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| surrendered British at Yorktown |
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| Washington’s most dependable officer; was sent to the south by Washington because he knew the land |
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| surrendered; resulted with independence |
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| A group of six Native American Tribes that aligned with the British and wiped out large areas in central New York and Pennsylvania |
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| Ended American Revolution; Britain recognized American Independence and agreed to set the western boundaries of the US at the Mississippi River |
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| 18th Century Combat Practices- the weapons used by the Continenta |
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| 18th Century Combat Practices |
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| the weapons used by the Continental Army weren’t nearly as good as the British Army; many people would die in battle because of this |
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| pieced together from English political ideas, Enlightenment theories, and religious beliefs |
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| A woman who published an essay explaining why women should be able to speak out and their desire to join the revolutionary cause |
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| women who boycotted British goods and made their own items (clothing) |
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| faced many problems including the army, opening the west, and the national debt |
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| Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 |
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| provided for the systematic and sale of the region west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River; created the grid pattern of cities |
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| provided for the political organization of the same interior region |
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| advocated institutions and traditional practices; the Constitution turned more conservative as did the senate |
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| Daniel Shay led an army of farmers in his rebellion, which was a tax revolt against the government of Massachusetts |
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| an opposition group that formed during Washington’s presidency |
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| the Washington administration supporters |
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| Secretary of Treasury who caused major controversy when submitting major policies to Congress; dominated public affairs more than anyone; wanted to promote manufacturing and overseas trade; gave the “Report on Public Credit” |
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| introduced by Hamilton; it would be capable of handling the government’s financial affairs and pooling private investment capital for economic development |
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| - angered by the Whiskey Tax, farmers up rose and the president didn’t agree |
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| Washington wants to remain neutral and eventually does nothing; Hamiltonians believed the French needed reform |
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| a treaty with Great Britain in which John Jay was sent to London to deal with left over issues from the revolutionary war; Hamilton designs terms of the treaty; left out compensation for slaves |
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| Adams sent over a peace delegation to France; greeted by named people, X, Y, Z; bribed US delegates for money in order to meet with them; X, Y, and Z are representatives of their government= scandal; US wants war with France, but Adams doesn’t; opposition to Adams grows further |
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| Alien Act authorized the president to expel aliens whom he judged dangerous to the peace and safety of the US; Sedition Act made it punishable by fine and imprisonment for anyone to conspire in opposition to any measure of the government |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| when the central government threatened the peoples liberties, the states were duty bound to interpose for arresting the progress of evil |
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| revolutionary because control of the government passed from one party to the other, to the Jeffersonian Republican Party |
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| increased the number of circuit courts, complete with judges, marshals, and clerks |
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| close to doubled the US in size; 830,000 miles2 of land; Jefferson questioned the constitutionality of the purchase, but didn’t want the opportunity to pass; the area from Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains |
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| With the help of Sacajawea, they explored the far northwest, make contact with the Native Americans, open the fur trade, and bring back scientific information about the area |
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| Eli Whitney’s invention that speeded the process for separating the cotton from its seeds; it could clean 50 lbs a day of cotton |
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| American Colonization Society |
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| the primary vehicle for proposals to return free black Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa |
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| members of the House of Representatives who advocated waging war against Britain |
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| asserted the right of a state to “interpose” its authority against “unconstitutional” acts of the government |
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| Andrew Jackson’s smashing victory over an attacking British force after preliminary terms of peace had been signed |
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| ended the War of 1812; restored relations between the US and Great Britain |
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| Monroe Doctrine- Outlined 4 basic principles |
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1. Closed to New European colonization
2. The political systems of America were separate from those of Europe
3. The US would consider it dangerous any attempts to extend Europe’s political influence in the western hemisphere
4. The US would neither interfere with the New Colonies in the New World, nor meddle in European affairs |
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| principles such as judicial review and the court set aside claims that Congress exceeded its authority in chartering the National Bank |
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| Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state; 36’ 30”: above the line is free and below is slave |
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| led by Charles Finney; a time of great religious revival |
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| Jackson’s nickname for his toughness |
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| Tariffs and nullification theory |
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| states had the right to determine if federal laws were constitutional because the Constitution was an agreement of sovereign states |
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| allowed the US army and navy to use force to make South Carolinians abide by the tariff laws |
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| Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia/ Worcester vs. Georgia- |
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| Georgia law was repugnant to the Constitution with no force over the Cherokee and that by inviolable treaty rights Native Americans were considered domestic dependent nations of the US federal government |
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| forced removal of the Cherokee |
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| The second B.U.S. and Jackson’s veto- |
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| Jackson vetoed the bill to re charter the bank and set up state banks to operate in place of the national bank; he felt the bank’s influence on the economy was undemocratic |
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| when every bank stopped paying in coins; a 5 year depression came after |
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| a slave who led a revolt and killed many; was executed after being sentenced |
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| a black American abolitionist and a runaway slave |
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| series of escape routes from the south to the north led by Harriet Tubman |
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| working farmers with households of faith |
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| a movement against the use of alcohol |
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| published The Liberator, the leading anti-slavery journal |
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| where Stanton and Mott wrote up the Declaration of Sentiments, a list of women’s grievances; they wanted to form a society to advocate the rights for women |
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| the US was destined to expand from coast to coast |
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| Polk ordered Taylor to move near the Rio Grande; many more controversies occurred |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| ended the Mexican- American war in America’s favor |
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| offered 160 acres of government land free to citizens or future citizens over 21 who lived on the property, improved it, and paid a small fee |
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| mostly young, unmarried men who were in search of gold in California |
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| territorial governor of Utah who was in charge of the Mormon society |
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| 10,000 Native Americans hopeful to end the destruction of their way of life |
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| ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico |
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| the legitimacy of the state is created by the consent of the people |
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| California entered as a free state which altered the balance; The Texas- New Mexico border was settled, denying Texas the disputed area; the slave trade was abolished in Washington DC; Last was the Fugitive Slave Act |
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| required Northerners to return runaway slaves to their masters |
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| Harriet Beecher Stowe/ Uncle Tom’s Cabin |
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| white northern woman abolitionist and writer who wrote the book |
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| Stephen Douglas tried to gain southern votes even though the states were above 36’ 30” latitude |
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| pressured Spain to sell Cuba to the US |
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| appealed to middle and lower classes; they often answered with “Know Nothing”; were anti- Catholic |
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| fighting that took place in the Kansas Territory; was a bloody fight |
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His master died and he was still a slave in the south to Dred Scotts wife; He testified in the supreme Court and 3 rulings were made:
1. He wasn’t a citizen and had no right to testify in court
2. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because congress couldn’t ban slavery in a territory
3. Taking the Scotts into free states didn’t affect their status |
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| seven debates between the two in different Illinois cities; they confronted the heated racial issues before the nation |
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| American abolitionist who practiced armed insurrection to end all slavery; led a raid at Harpers Ferry |
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| first shot that initiated the American Civil War |
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| the slave states that bordered the Free states; often controversy |
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| to weaken the south gradually through blockades on land and sea, until the northern army was strong enough for the kill |
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| president of the confederacy |
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| of state under Lincoln and Jackson |
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| Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan for commander for the US army |
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| commander of the Confederacy |
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| general chief of Union army in the Civil War |
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| Confederate forces set a surprise attack on the Union |
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| the Confederacy ship/ the Union ship |
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| bloodiest day of the war; fought on American soil; about 23,000 died |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| 1. Declared the freedom of all slaves in the Confederacy by January 1 |
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| the Union won, but Lincoln was frustrated with General Meade |
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| victory cut the Confederacy into two |
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| pursued General Joseph Johnston from Tennessee towards Atlanta |
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| Wanted to make southerners so sick of war that there wouldn’t be fighting for generations; most destruction to South Carolina |
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| Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson, a pro- Union democrat to run with |
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| Lee surrendered to Grant and Grant treated Lee’s army with respect allowing them to keep their horses |
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| justify the war by remaking southern society in the image of the north |
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| Quickly want to establish peace and order, reconcile between North and South |
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| granted freed people rights that were highly unqualified |
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| Johnson’s reconstruction plan- |
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| offered amnesty and pardon with restoration of all rights of property to most former Confederates who would swear allegiance to the Constitution and Union; accepted the reconstructed government of North Carolina and prescribed the steps by which other southern states could reestablish state governments |
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| Prohibited slavery in the United States |
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| defined equal national citizenship; reduced state representation in Congress proportional to number of disfranchised voters; denied former confederates the right to hold office; Confederate debts and lost property claims voided and illegal |
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| Prohibited denial of vote because of race, color, or previous servitude |
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