Term
| where is the seat of the HPA? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the physiolgoical responses to stress? |
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Definition
| activation of the HPA and the SNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuroendocrine regulation of the digestive, immune, mood, sex, energy usage |
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Term
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Definition
| Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothal. secretes vasopressin and CRF from the medial eminance. VP and CRF stimulate the secretion of ACTH in the pituitary. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortices which stimulate (by ACTH) glucocorticoids and catecholamines |
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Term
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Definition
| a glucocorticoid, a sterioid hormone |
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Term
| What is the pathway for GR signalling? |
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Definition
| GR is intracellular (in cytoplasm, bound by protien, in inactive state). Cortisol comes through the membrane, binds, produces active molecules. 2 molecules dimerize. Binds actively to DNA and transcribes. Cortisol and GR--> binds to GRE in the promotor region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid Response Element |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of cells that respond to MR? |
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Definition
| aldosterone responsive cells and aldosterone non-responsive cells |
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Term
| Does MR have high affin or low affin for GCs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is important in proactive maintanence of basal HPA tone (for a steady base state of cortisol in the blood) |
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Term
| Is GR for low or high affinity for GCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are GRs responsible for? |
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Definition
| reactive NEGATIVE feedback during peak expresssion |
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Term
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Definition
| mineralocorticoid Receptor:: an aldosterone receptor |
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Term
| WhaT is the adaptive stress response? |
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Definition
| increase arousal, increase scanning attention, decrease memory, energy mobilization |
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Term
| What is the pathological stress response? |
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Definition
| sleep disturbance, attention disruption, memory loss, hypertension, clotting, functional bowel syndrome, sexual disorders, susceptibility to infection. |
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Term
| What are the effects of GCs? |
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Definition
Alter metabolism to make glucose available and keep up stores (converts food sources into glycogen or fat, conversion of protein to fat, decreases insulin sensitivity);;
Trafficking of immune cells (changes texture of immune cells to stick to vessel wall). Inhibits immune and inflammatory reactions.
Inhibits pituitary gonadotropins, makes target tissues resistant to gonadotropins;;
Inhibits osteoblastic activity; decrease bone mass;;
Effects on hippocampus to alter memory;;
Feedback regulation of HPA axis;;
Maintain fluid balance (aldosterone in kidney) |
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Term
| What is the adaptive response of CC? |
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Definition
| reduced gonadotrophic activiy, immunie cell production and function, osteoblastic activity, INCREASED attention, immune cell trafficking |
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Term
| What are the effects of CC (an allosteric load)? |
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Definition
| REDUCED reprofuctioning, memory, growth, INCREASED infection, osteoporosis, fat, diabetes, muscle wasting |
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Term
| When does GR regulate diurnal rhythms? |
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Definition
| 0.5 hours after waking up--gets you going! |
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Term
| When are cortisol levels at their highest? |
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Definition
| 0.5 hours after waking up |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GC provides feedback regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| hippocampus, amygdala, BNST, prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| corticotrophin relaeasing Factor |
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Term
| what might increased GC concentrations do? |
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Definition
| atrophy of hippo due to stres is due to high concentrations of GC-- decrease hippo, decrease memory |
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Term
| Where is CRF released from? |
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Definition
| Hypothal, influenced by stress, cortisol blood levels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What receptors does CRF bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What refcpetors does urocortin bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is urocortin so important? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the median eminance secreate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AVP, OT --> pressor, anitdiuretic, lactation, parturition |
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Term
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Definition
| CRF, AVP, OT --> transmitter/modulators in central autonomic pathways |
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Term
| what are the effects produced by stress and central CRF administration? |
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Definition
Increased Sympathetic activity:
Increase heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption;;
Alterations in GI function :
Decrease in upper GI motility, decrease gastric acid secretion, increase in lower GI motility, mucin depletion, decreased muscosal blood flow, mast cell degranulation;;
Cognitive Effects ::
Increase arousal, memory, seizures::
Alterations in Behavior ::
Change in locomotor activity, decrease feeding, reproductive behavior, promote anxiogenic behavior;
Immunological Effects :
Decrease killer cell activity;
Supression of Growth hormone |
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Term
| What are the depressed HPA changes? |
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Definition
Hyperactive HPA system ;
Chronic elevated CORT ;
Loss of circadian rhythm;
Fail to suppress in Dex suppression test; all of which normalize when symptoms normalize |
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Term
| What does the DEX suppression test exmaine? |
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Definition
| the function of the HPA system |
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Term
| What are the cortisol levels for depression |
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Definition
| higher basal cortisol, less feedback inhibition |
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Term
| What are the physiological symptoms of depression that mimic stress? |
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Definition
Hypercortisolemia
Increased Cortisol response to stress
Adrenal hypertrophy
Hyperarousal (sleep disturbance)
Anorexia
Decreased libido
Anxiety
Functional bowel disorders
Osteoporosis |
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Term
| Are CRF levels decreased or increased in depression? |
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Definition
| elevated, and receptors are down regulated in suicide |
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Term
| What are cortisol levels in PTSD? |
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Definition
| hypocortisol and supersupression to Dex |
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Term
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Definition
| mental illness, obesity, diabetes, heart disease. |
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