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| foreign substance in your body |
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| proteins that bind specifically to antigens to inactivate them: cover active sites (toxin), cover receptors (virus), bind and tag bacteria for immune cells to eat |
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| class of white blood cells |
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| made in the bone marrow, make and secrete antibodies |
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T helper- organize other white blood cells to fight infections, "generals"
T Killer- directly kill tumor cells, viral infected cells, sometimes parasites |
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| similar to T killer cells |
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| eat bacteria and parasites |
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| "scavengers" pick up antigens and present them to the B or T cells, also eat tagged material |
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| type of B cell that is small and metabolically at rest, move freely in your blood, born with millions have thousands of identicall antibodies on membrane, no two virgin cells in your body the same |
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| replica of a stimulated virgin cell, cells with antibodies still connected, make 2nd response to virus quicker=immunity |
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| replica of a stimulated virgin cell, release attached antibodies into your blood |
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| Sequence of Events of Virgin Cell |
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Virgin cell's antibodies bind to the antigen- stimulates virign cell to grow
when fullgrown, it divides many times, producing plasma and memory cells
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notices milkmaids don't get small pox, but cowpox
gives his son small amount of cowpox disease and then smallpox, son immune to small pox and first vaccine born (thank goodness) |
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| on top of everything else, the guy created the first rabies vaccination |
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| a small amount of dead virus injected into you, your body goes through the sequence of events described previously, if you get infected with virus memory cells will respond quickly and you won't get sick |
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| disease spread by injecting fluid from diseased plants to healthy ones, diseases contagious what?? |
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| used filtration experiments to show disease is caused by an agent smaller than bacteria |
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| founder of virology, calls it a virus, discovers it isn't a toxin because it can't be diluted |
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| study of viruses as large molecules |
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Center going outward
genetic material (DNA and RNA)
Capsid (protein coat)
Envelope (host cell membrane and protein spikes)
all viruses are very different because they must adapt to their host enviroment |
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| viruses only attack cells they recognize (named after organisms they attack) |
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| infectious agents composed exclusively of a single piece of circular single stranded small RNA with double stranded regions |
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| infectious agent composed of a single gylocoprotein, no nucleic acid- self replicating protein |
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active viral infection
virus attaches to cell membrane, injects DNA into cell
takes over cell telling it to replicate the viral DNA and make new capsids
capsids and DNA become new viruses
an enzyme from the virus breaks the cell membrane, releasing new viruses, killing cell
New viruses attach to new cell |
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| doesn't occur immediatly, could take years, like AIDs |
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latent infection
virus attaches to cell membrane and injects DNA into cell
Viral DNA forms a circle inside host
Viral DNA attaches to host's DNA
viral DNA becomes a part of the host's DNA
the host cell replicates by mitosis
viral DNA pinches off of host's DNA and forms a circle
Then it kills the cell! |
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means ancient bacteria
found in extreme habitats like ancient bacteria would have (deep in mud, extreme pH or temp,etc.) |
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heterotrophs-can't make own food
decomposers-help recycle nutrients
parasitic |
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| make their own food using light, contain pigments, algae like |
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| make their own food using chemicals (Sulfur and Nitrogen) |
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prokaryotic
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, DNA found in cytoplasm as one circular chromosome, contains ribosomes |
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| longer tails, move bacteria |
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| one circular region, area that contains the chromosome called the nucleoid region |
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| attaches bacteria to surfaces and aids in sexual reproduction, an extension of the cell membrane |
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| regulates what goes into and out of the cell, involved in making ATP |
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not all bacteria have this, those that do are more disease-y
protection
little cute skirt on bacteria |
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hard outer covering that enables the cell to live in a dormant state when conditions for living aren't favorable, resistant to drying out,boiling, chemicals, can survive for thousands of years,
must be killed by pressure cooking
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can't use mitosis because they have no nucleus
so no IckyYucky sex... |
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asexual reproduction (no exchange of genetic reproduction)
chromosome is repelicated, copies of chromosome attach to the cell membrane, cell grows and copies separate, cell divides in two |
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sexual reproduction (there is an exchange of gentic reproduction but not really sex)
transfer of part of the chromosome to another cell
for variety in the population for better adaptations |
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| bacteria take Nitrogen from the air and fixes to be a form that plants can use for proteins and DNA |
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| Economic Importance of Bacteria |
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Nitrogen Fixation
Decomposition of biodegradable
recycling of nutrients due to decomposition
various foods (yogurt, vinegar, mostly stuff you hate)
medicine-antibiotics
gene cloning |
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