Term
| How did the Christianizing of England in 597 help shape the direction of early English? |
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Definition
| The church facilitated the introduction of Latin vocabulary into early English |
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Term
| T/F English has grammatical gender like all other major European languages |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F English has lost its inflections ("grammatical endings") over the long course of its history |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Our text takes the position that some languages have "built in" advantages over other languages that have allowed them to become more globally successful than others. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F The key difference between a living and a dead language is that a living language has the capacity for change. |
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Term
| T/F The traditional language of the gypsies descended from the Indian branch of I-E languages. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Poetic Edda is associated with which branch of I-E. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which single dead language fits in the East Germanic sub-branch? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two languages were last to be connected to the I-E family? |
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Definition
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Term
| The discovery of Hittite tablets provided evidence for which linguistic form? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Etruscan is related to the Italic branch of I-E. |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to common vocabulary, which feature of written Sanskrit allowed scholars to connect it to other I-E languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Grimm's Law explains the relationship between which pair of sounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is not discussed as a major linguist or philologist? (Nietchze, Saussure, Grimm, Verner) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which words helped scholars locate the homeland of the I-E? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ethnic group in Europe may preserve the original language spoken before the I-E? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of speech is likely to preserve a fairly complete set of inflections even after the others have died out? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which decade is closest to the Anglo-Saxon invasion of England? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical Germanic stress pattern in words? |
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Definition
| Stress falls on the first syllable |
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Term
| Who is our source of most of our knowledge of early Anglo-Saxon England? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Anglo-Saxon poetry deal with? |
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Definition
| violent combat, the transitory nature of life, Christian topics and saints' lives |
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Term
| What is the only dialect of OE with significant linguistic and historical evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F OE demonstrates Grimm's law in pronunciation. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F English derives from the North Germanic branch of languages. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F We have a clear understanding of the origin of dental suffixes that we find in the past participle form of verbs. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Next to Scandinavian, Celtic was the largest influence on OE. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many words in "they are ill and weak" are Scandinavian? |
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Definition
| Four; "they," "are," "ill," and "weak" |
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Term
| Latin words associated with the wine trade entered English during which period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened at the Battle of Maldon? |
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Definition
| The English were defeated by the Danes |
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Term
| What was Benedictine reform? |
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Definition
| It was an attempt to revive Monasticism after a period of decline |
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Term
| What kind of words would the English take from Scandinavian? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Many words of Scandinavian origin have survived in the non-standard English dialects in Northern England. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who writes of the conversion of the English to Christianity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two I-E languages were spoken in England before English (pre-449)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many distinct periods make up the history of English? List them |
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Definition
Three:
1) Old (450-1150) "Period of full inflections"
2) Middle (1150-1500) "Period of leveled inflections"
3) Modern (1500-present) "Period of lost inflections" |
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Term
| How many dialects of OE do we identify? What are they called? |
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Definition
1) W. Saxon
2) Kentish
3) Mercian
4) Northumbrian |
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Term
| What are the two types of inflectional languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the grammatical cases? |
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Definition
1) Nominative
2) Dative
3) Genitive
4) Accusative |
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Term
| How many verb tenses are found in OE? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which was the only language of the Italic branch to survive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are modern Balto-Slavic languages? |
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Definition
| Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian |
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Term
| T/F Lithuanian is a conservative language and preserves the same linguistic features that could be found 5,000 years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the earliest document occurrence of Balto-Slavic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three branches of Germanic languages and their respective languages? |
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Definition
1) North (Scandinavian)
2) East (Gothic
3) West (English, German, Dutch) |
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Term
| What two Celtic languages still exist? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A geographic boundary of a linguistic feature (Ex. Centum / Satem division) |
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Term
| What work by Bede was the main source of information about Anglo-Saxon England? |
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Definition
| Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731) |
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Term
| What features of OE are shared by all Germanic languages? |
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Definition
1) Grimm's law (1st consonant shift)
2) "weak" and "strong" adjectives
3) Weak verbs formed with dental preterits (-ed)
4) Strong stress accent on first syllable |
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Term
| How much OE vocab didn't survive into Modern English? |
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Definition
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Term
| What unique spellings are in OE? |
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Definition
| sc / sh ; cg / dg ; c / k |
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Term
| What is a synthetic language? |
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Definition
| Words relate together by means of inflection rather than word order. This most commonly is achieved through suffixes and prefixes. |
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Term
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Definition
| grammatical word endings that are added like suffixes to the root and carry grammatical information like number, case, and gender |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of linguistics or philology that focuses on inflections |
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Term
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Definition
| denote the specific grammatical function of a noun, adjective, or pronoun |
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Term
| Differences between OE and ME. |
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Definition
1) Use of case to denote syntax functions
2) OE was highly inflected
3) Differentiation of strong and weak verbs (now it is mostly weak)
4) OE has gender
5) Pronouns had dual meaning (you too, we too)
6) 3rd person lacked the "th" |
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Term
| T/F London's name derives from Scandinavian origin. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Periods of Latin Influence on English |
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Definition
Period 0- Latin words introduced to continental Brits through the wine trade (pre 449 A.D.)
Period 1- Latin via Celtic (449-597)
Period 2- Latin through Christianity (597-1066) |
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Term
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Definition
The raising and fronting of a root vowel in anticipation of the "i" or "-y" sound in a suffix; it is a form of vowel harmony In full swing by 8th century
Example man/men: OE "manniz" shifted to "menniz" which shortened to "men" |
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Term
| Why does uncial have two forms in English? |
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Definition
1) One was pre i-mutation (ounce)
2) the other was post i-mutation (inch) |
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Term
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Definition
| Words from Scandinavian origin often begin with "sk." For example "skirt" is Scandinavian while "shirt" is OE. |
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Term
| Hard pronunciation of "g" or "k" |
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Definition
| Gives away Scandinavian origin (kid, egg, get, give) |
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Term
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Definition
Means "family name"
1) -son in ON
2) -ing in OE |
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Term
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Definition
Two words from OE and ON that are related in form or meaning but have different semantic range
Ex. No (OE) v. Nay (ON)
Whole (OE) v. Hale (ON)
Rear (OE) v. Raise (ON) |
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Term
| What origin is "they, them, and their" ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What origin is "be" and "syndon?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What grammatical endings are borrowed from Scandinavian? |
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Definition
1) -s on 3rd person singular forms of verbs
2) -ing on present participle |
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Term
| What are the four areas of language change? |
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Definition
1) Phonological
2) Morphological
3) Syntax
4) Lexical |
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Term
| What are the linguistic changes in Grimm's Law? |
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Definition
p / f
t / th
k / h
b / p
d / t
g / k |
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Term
| What does Verner's law state? |
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Definition
| The regularity of Grimm's law is broken by stress patterns and environment. |
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