Term
| What cells line the entire lumen of the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO = heart rate (HR) * stroke volume (SV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flow = Pressure (P) / Resistance (R) |
|
|
Term
| Determinant of cardiac output: name for blood returning to heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determinant of cardiac output: vasculature resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% blood volume in heart and lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% blood volume in arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% blood volume in capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% blood volume in veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that make up the epicardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the heart is continuous with the endothelium of vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous skeleton of the heart (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Annuli fibrosi, 2) trigona fibrosi, 3) septum membranaceum |
|
|
Term
| Main metabolic fuel of cardiomyocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiomyocytes: anaerobic or aerobic metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrial granules contain what |
|
Definition
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide leads to what (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Diuresis, 2) Na excretion, 3) vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Fibrous skeleton contains what collagens (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for the collagen joining capillaries and cardiomyocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major coronary circulation vessels found in: endocardium or epicardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for arteries that penetrate through myocardium |
|
Definition
| Transmural arteries/arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Majority of transmural blood flow occurs during: systole or diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connections between major arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infarction is cell death; ischemia is hypoperfusion and not permanent |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis progression (3) |
|
Definition
| Fatty streak → fibrosis → calcification |
|
|
Term
| Development of ischemia may induce creation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker of the heart aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slowest conducting part of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction system from SA node (6) |
|
Definition
| SA node → internodal fibers → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the atria |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the atria = ___ wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the ventricles = ___ complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the septum |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the septum = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the apex |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the apex = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the ventricle walls |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the ventricle walls = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| SNS fibers to the heart are what kind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS fibers to the heart are what kind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of blood vessels (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tunica intima, 2) tunica media, 3) tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| Why do some arteries have vaso vasorum |
|
Definition
| They are too thick to be perfused from blood in the lumen |
|
|
Term
| Blockage of vaso vasorum can lead to what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) NO, 2) prostacyclin, 3) EDHF, 4) adenosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Angiotensin II, 2) thromboxane A2, 3) endothelin |
|
|
Term
| What about endothelium keeps platelets away |
|
Definition
| Endothelium is negatively charged |
|
|
Term
| Endothelia produce what pro-coagulant factor |
|
Definition
| von Willebrand factor (vWF) |
|
|
Term
| Cells that exist on top of capillaries that can differentiate into smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α and β adrenergic receptors: synergistic or antagonistic |
|
Definition
| Antagonistic: they oppose each other's actions |
|
|
Term
| Epinepherine on β-adrenergic receptors: vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinepherine on α-adrenergic receptors: vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short connection between arteriole and venule is an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long connection between arteriole and venule is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there pressure in the aorta after the aortic valve closes |
|
Definition
| Elasticity in the aorta maintains creates the diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Steps of angiogenesis (4) |
|
Definition
| Disintegration of basement membrane → cell migration → cell proliferation → new basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis most likely in which arteries (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Coronaries, 2) carotids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defective vein valves; reversed flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Continuous, 2) continuous in CNS, 3) fenestrated, 4) sinusoidal |
|
|
Term
| Which capillary type has zonula occludens junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which capillary type has large gaps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcapillary exchange methods (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Transcellular, 2) transcytosis, 3) intercellular, 4) vesicular channel |
|
|
Term
| Which transcapillary exchange method for gases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which transcapillary exchange method for ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which transcapillary exchange method for macromolecules (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Transcytosis, 2) vesicular channels |
|
|
Term
| Do lymphatics have well-developed basal lamina: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the entire heart takes __ msec |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fastest conducting part of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slowest conducting part of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Channels contributing to resting membrane potential of cardiomyocytes (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Na-K pump, 2) potassium leak |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Na-K pump electrogenic |
|
Definition
| 3 Na out for 2 K in = net 1 cation out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia will ___ [increase or decrease] resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Permeability of which ion dominates a resting cardiomyocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Hodkin-Huxley model, an "m" gate corresponds to which: activating or inactivating gate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Hodkin-Huxley model, an "h" gate corresponds to which: activating or inactivating gate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phases of a fast-type action potential starting from resting membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phases of a slow-type action potential starting from resting membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast action potential: phase 0 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast action potential: phase 1 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| Na closes, transient-outward K open (Ito) |
|
|
Term
| Fast action potential: phase 2 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| T-type Ca close, L-type open still |
|
|
Term
| Fast action potential: phase 3 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| Increase K, closure of Ca |
|
|
Term
| Fast action potential: phase 4 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow action potential: phase 0 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow action potential: phase 1 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| None, there is no phase 1 in slow AP's |
|
|
Term
| Slow action potential: phase 2 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| None, there is no phase 2 in slow AP's |
|
|
Term
| Slow action potential: phase 3 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| Increase K, closure of Ca |
|
|
Term
| Slow action potential: phase 4 consists on which ions |
|
Definition
| K, Ca, and cations of the funny current (If) |
|
|
Term
| Modifications to action potentials to decrease heart rate at SA node (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decrease phase 0 slope, 2) increase threshold potential, 3) decrease maximal diastolic potential |
|
|
Term
| Normal pacemaker rate of the SA node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal pacemaker rate of the AV node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal pacemaker rate of the ventricular pacemakers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the potassium in the ECF has what effects on action potentials (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Resting membrane is less negative, 2) amplitude decreases |
|
|
Term
| Syncytium is created through what junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are Purkinje fibers made up of big cells |
|
Definition
| Increased conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
| Name the period from start of phase 1 to when any sort of action potential can be forcably stimulated |
|
Definition
| Absolute/effective refractory period |
|
|
Term
| Name the period when a small number of Na channels have recovered and can be stimulated |
|
Definition
| Absolute/effective refractory period |
|
|
Term
| Name the period from when any sort of action potential can be created to when a full/normal AP can be created |
|
Definition
| Relative refractory period |
|
|
Term
| Name the period when all the Na channels have recovered |
|
Definition
| Relative refractory period |
|
|
Term
| Do SA node (or AV node) cells have few or abundant gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells of the heart have the main function of pacemaker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells of the heart have the main function of contractility |
|
Definition
| Atrial & ventricular myocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which cells of the heart have the main function of rapid conduction |
|
Definition
| His bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| Portion of ECG that represents atrial depolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of ECG that represents ventricular depolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of ECG that represents ventricular repolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of ECG that represents atrial repolarization |
|
Definition
| Never talkeda about this, but it's masked by the QRS complex |
|
|
Term
| Convention: 1 small horizontal box = __ mm = __ sec |
|
Definition
| 1 small box = 1 mm = 0.05 sec |
|
|
Term
| Convention: 1 big horizontal box = __ mm = __ sec |
|
Definition
| 1 big box = 5 mm = 0.2 sec |
|
|
Term
| Convention: 1 small vertical box = __ mm = __ mV |
|
Definition
| 1 small box = 1 mm = 0.1 mV |
|
|
Term
| Convention: 1 big vertical box = __ mm = __ mV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period in which almost all ventricular myocytes are depolarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period that is largely conduction through the AV node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period that indicates good conduction through the His-Purkinje system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period that correlates with the mean AP duration of the ventricular myocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventricular septum depolarizes: left-to-right or right-to-left |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventricle depolarizes: endo-to-epicardium or epicardium-to-endocardium |
|
Definition
| From the endocardium toward the superficial epicardium |
|
|
Term
| Which is last to depolarize: left or right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the mean QRS vector point to the left if both ventricles depolarize at the same time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors cause the T wave to have the same polarity as the R wave |
|
Definition
| 1) Repolarization has the opposite charge, 2) repolarization happens in reverse direction of depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Lead I points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
| From right arm to left arm |
|
|
Term
| Lead II points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
| From right arm to left leg |
|
|
Term
| Lead III points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
| From left arm to left leg |
|
|
Term
| Which lead points from right arm to left arm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lead points from right arm to left leg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lead points from left arm to left leg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limb leads are: bipolar or unipolar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positive deflection on an ECG indicates what of the electrical vector with respect to the electrode |
|
Definition
| Both are in the same direction |
|
|
Term
| A negative deflection on an ECG indicates what of the electrical vector with respect to the electrode |
|
Definition
| They are in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| An isoelectric deflection on an ECG indicates what of the electrical vector with respect to the electrode |
|
Definition
| They are perpendicular to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the augmented leads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the precordial leads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead aVF points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead aVR points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead aVL points from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 0° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 30° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 60° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 90° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 120° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 150° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at 180° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at -30° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at -60° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at -90° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at -120° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the hexaxial circle, what vector is at -150° |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal range for the QRS axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both leads I & II are positive, what can you say about the QRS axis |
|
Definition
| It is within the normal range |
|
|
Term
| Some particular lead is isoelectric, what can you say about the QRS axis |
|
Definition
| It is perpendicular to that particular lead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right sternal border of the 4th intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left sternal border of the 4th intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midclavicular line of the 5th intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midaxillary line of the 5th intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when both valves are closed and during systole |
|
Definition
| Isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when both valves are closed and during diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when semilunar valve is open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when AV valve is open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: dicrotic notch demarcates what two phases |
|
Definition
| Ventricular ejection & isovolumetric relaxation |
|
|
Term
| During ventricular ejection & filling, when does most of the blood get moved |
|
Definition
| During the initial part of that phase [initial is rapid then tapers] |
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when you would see the T wave on an ECG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when you would see the QRS complex on an ECG |
|
Definition
| R wave separates ventricular filling & isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
| Wiggers' diagram: name of the phase when you would see the P wave on an ECG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the L-type Ca channels in cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| They are not mechanically linked to ryanodine receptors |
|
|
Term
| Calcium-induced calcium release means what |
|
Definition
| Calcium influx from L-type channels induces ryanodine receptors to open to release calcium |
|
|
Term
| Paths of intracellular calcium efflux (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) SERCA, 2) Ca-ATPase, 3) Na-Ca exchanger, 4) mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Na-Ca exchanger relies on what other pump to function correctly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dephosporylation of phospholamban does what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a given sarcomere length, which has more passive tension: cardiac or skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiomyocytes operate at ___ [shorter or longer] sarcomere lengths relative to optimal length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preload refers to what structurally of the myocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force that must be overcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contractile performance of the myocyte itself [excludes, for example, preload & afterload] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing contractility moves the starting diastolic volume which way |
|
Definition
| Left, so toward a smaller volume |
|
|
Term
| Decreasing contractility moves the starting diastolic volume which way |
|
Definition
| Right, so toward a larger volume |
|
|
Term
| Increasing preload moves the EDV which way |
|
Definition
| Right, so toward a larger volume |
|
|
Term
| Decreasing preload moves the EDV which way |
|
Definition
| Left, so toward a smaller volume |
|
|
Term
| Increasing afterload moves the starting diastolic volume which way |
|
Definition
| Right, so toward a larger volume |
|
|
Term
| Decreasing afterload moves the starting diastolic volume which way |
|
Definition
| Left, so toward a smaller volume |
|
|
Term
| Total work performed during one beat = |
|
Definition
| E=PV + 1/2*m*v*v + k*T*Δt |
|
|
Term
| Which component of total work is the largest and is about __% of total work |
|
Definition
| Tension heat is about 97% of total work |
|
|
Term
| Staircase phenomenon is fundamentally about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-extrasystolic potential |
|
Definition
| An increase in contraction of the beat after a premature ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| Post-extrasystolic potential is due to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Frank-Starling mechanism, 2) intracellular [Ca2+] |
|
|
Term
| Extra time after a PVC and before the next contraction is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS releases the ___ neurotransmitter which acts on the ___ receptor (be specific) |
|
Definition
| NE which acts on β1-adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| PSNS releases the ___ neurotransmitter which acts on the ___ receptor (be specific) |
|
Definition
| ACh which ats on the M2-muscarinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G protein-coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| Which activates adenylyl cyclase: β1 or M2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inactivates adenylyl cyclase: β1 or M2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adenylyl cyclase increase concentration of ___ that activates ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) L-type Ca channels, 2) phospholamban, 3) TnI |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylation of L-type Ca channels has what effect on Ca flow |
|
Definition
| Increases influx → increases contractility |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylation of phospholamban has what effect on intracellular Ca |
|
Definition
| Frees up inhibition of SERCA, so intracellular [Ca] decreases faster |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylation of TnI has what effect |
|
Definition
| Decreases affinity of TnC for Ca → increases relaxation |
|
|
Term
| SNS: peak pressure: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS: velocity of contraction: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS: systole duration: lengthens or shortens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS: diastole duration: lengthens or shortens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS: ventricular diastolic pressure: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS: ventricular EDV: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS has no significant effect on which: SA node, AV node, ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscarinic receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| β-adrenergic receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
| Giving atropine and propranolol to a heart has what effect |
|
Definition
| Restores SA node's 100 bpm rate by blocking SNS & PSNS activity |
|
|
Term
| Which has faster effects on heart rate: SNS or PSNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects does PSNS have on the SA node (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Opens K channels, 2) decreases funny current (If), 3) decreases Ica |
|
|
Term
| What effects does PSNS have on the AV node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the adrenal gland's secretion of EPI different from heart innervation |
|
Definition
| Adrenal secretion of EPI is the mechanism by which transplanted hearts increase heart rate |
|
|
Term
| S1 is heard during which Wiggers' diagram phase |
|
Definition
| Isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S2 is heard during which Wiggers' diagram phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S3 is heard during which Wiggers' diagram phase |
|
Definition
| Early ventricular filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tensing of chordae tendinae & AV ring |
|
|
Term
| S4 is heard during which Wiggers' diagram phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S1 normally heard in healthy adults: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S2 normally heard in healthy adults: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S3 normally heard in healthy adults: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S4 normally heard in healthy adults: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S1 normally heard in healthy children: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S2 normally heard in healthy children: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S3 normally heard in healthy children: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S4 normally heard in healthy children: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If S3 or S4 is heard, it normally is described how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valves that do not completely open is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valves that do not close properly and let retrograde flow is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of systolic murmurs (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Aortic stenosis, 2) mitral regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| Aortic stenosis is what kind of murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral regurgitation is what kind of murur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral regurgitation obscures which heart sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of diastolic murmurs (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Aortic regurgitation, 2) mitral stenosis |
|
|
Term
| Description of an aortic regurgitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Description of a mitral stenosis |
|
Definition
| Opening snap with rumbling diastolic murmur |
|
|
Term
| Which heart sound splits in healthy adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which causes the split S2 to widen: inspiration or expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which causes the "reversed splitting" S2 to widen: inspiration or expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: a wave is what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: av minimum is what |
|
Definition
| Relaxation of atria and mitral valve closure |
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: c peak is what |
|
Definition
| Early ventricular contraction [causes mitral to bulge into atria] |
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: x descent is what |
|
Definition
| Ventricular ejection [causes elongation of atrium & veins] |
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: v peak is what |
|
Definition
| Filing of atria against closed mitral valve |
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: y descent is what |
|
Definition
| Fall in atrial pressure after mitral valve opening |
|
|
Term
| Swan-Ganz catheter is used for what |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) |
|
|
Term
| What does the PCWP attempt to measure |
|
Definition
| Left atrial pressure [i.e. preload] |
|
|
Term
| Using a Swan-Ganx catheter, how can you tell when it moves from RA to RV |
|
Definition
| Max pressure jumps from 5 mmHg to 20+ mmHg (systolic pressure) |
|
|
Term
| Using a Swan-Ganx catheter, how can you tell when it moves from RV to pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
| Minimum pressure jumps from 5 mmHt to 10+ mmHg (diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Using a Swan-Ganx catheter, how can you tell when it moves from pulmonary artery and wedges |
|
Definition
| Systolic pressure is lost |
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: what features are recognizable while in the RA with a Swan-Ganz catheter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: what features are recognizable while in the RV with a Swan-Ganz catheter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous pressure wave: what features are recognizable while wedged with a Swan-Ganz catheter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the LV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the LA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the RV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pressure in the RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fick method is method to estimate what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q = Vdot * O2 / (CA*O2 - CV*O2) is what method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fick method uses what as an indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fick method: where is CA*O2 measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fick method: where is CV*O2 measured |
|
Definition
| Mixed venous, so pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| Indicator-dilution method uses what as an indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermodilution method uses what as an indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large arteries: compliant or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaries: compliant or not |
|
Definition
| Not really, but they aren't under much pressure anyway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessel is where most of the vascular resistance lies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systolic pressure is highest in: RV, aorta, large arteries, or small arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q = (Pi - Po) / R is what law |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Q = (Pi - Po) / R = ΔP / R |
|
|
Term
| Rigid tube resistance equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rigid tube resistance and length: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rigid tube resistance and viscosity: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rigid tube resistance and radius: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tripling viscosity increases resistance by a factor of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tripling length increases resistance by a factor of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tripling radius increases resistance by a factor of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary means that vascular resistance is controlled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More complete equation [don't assum something is near zero] for CO = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mean arterial pressure can be increased how (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increase cardiac output, 2) increase TPVR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| R total = what for three resistances R1, R2, R3 in series |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| R total = what for three resistances R1, R2, R3 in parallel |
|
Definition
| Rt = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) |
|
|
Term
| In laminar flow, which is the fastest part of the fluid |
|
Definition
| Dead center is the fastest (furthest from the walls) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reynold's number and velocity: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reynold's number and radius: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reynold's number and density: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reynold's number and viscosity: directly or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia is ___ [more or less] likely to have turbulent flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polycythemia is ___ [more or less] likely to have turbulent flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic pressure is achievable in large arteries because they are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial compliance with aging: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic mechanisms/changes that lead to decreased compliance (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) More collagen, 2) less elastin, 3) endothelial dysfunction, 4) SNS activation, 5) RAS activation |
|
|
Term
| MAP is ____ [fraction] between diastolic and systolic pressures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PP = systolic - diastolic |
|
|
Term
| How is arterial pressure indirectly measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is arterial presusre directly measured |
|
Definition
| Catheter with pressure transducer |
|
|
Term
| Decreasing compliance will ___ [increase or decrease] pulse pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing compliance will ___ [increase or decrease] systolic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing compliance will ___ [increase or decrease] diastolic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are smaller arteries ___ [more or less] compliant than larger arteries |
|
Definition
| Less compliant than larger arteries |
|
|
Term
| Do arterioles have a pulse pressure |
|
Definition
| Yes, but it's very small [visual guess: ~8 mmHg] |
|
|
Term
| Do capillaries have a pulse pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse pressure in ascending aort __ [>, =, <] in abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
| Ascending < abdominal [31 vs 40 mmHg] |
|
|
Term
| Pulse pressure in ascending aort __ [>, =, <] in radial artery |
|
Definition
| Ascending < radial [31 vs. 55 mmHg] |
|
|
Term
| Which is faster: pulse wave or blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing compliance will ___ [increase or decrease] pulse velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pressure increases, wall tension will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If radius increases, wall tension will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If wall thickness increases, wall tension will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do aneurysms occur in arteries and not capillaries |
|
Definition
| Increased radius → increased wall tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the diffusion coefficient increases, diffusion will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the surface area increases, diffusion will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the concentration gradient increases, diffusion will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the barrier thickness increases, diffusion will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major functions of endothelium (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Exchange of nutrients & wastes, 2) filtration/resoprtion of fluid, 3) metabolic/paracrine functions |
|
|
Term
| Exchange of nutrients & wastes by endothelium is: diffusion or bulk flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtration & resorption by endothelium is: diffusion or bulk flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starling's law of capillaries = |
|
Definition
| =k*[(Pc + πi) - (Pi + πc)] |
|
|
Term
| If capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, filtration will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, resorption will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If capillary oncotic pressure increases, filtration will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If capillary oncotic pressure increases, resorption will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If interstitial hydrostatic pressure increases, filtration will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If interstitial hydrostatic pressure increases, resorption will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If interstitial oncotic pressure increases, filtration will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If interstitial oncotic pressure increases, resorption will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If arterial pressure increases, hydrostatic pressure will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If venous pressure increases, hydrostatic pressure will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If arterial resistance increases, hydrostatic pressure will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If venous resistance increases, hydrostatic pressure will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does heart failure cause peripheral edema |
|
Definition
| Increase venous pressure → increases capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does nephrosis cause peripheral edema |
|
Definition
| Decreases capillary oncotic pressure → increases capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Flow through what, normally, balances interstitial fluid levels (preventing edema) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressures in the venous system is: low or high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resistance in the venous system is: low or high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compliance in the venous system is: low or high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a pressure-volume graph (P as abscissa, V as ordinate), which has a more vertical slope: vein or artery |
|
Definition
| Vein since it is very compliance |
|
|
Term
| Increasing venous tone will do what to the right atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing the # or effectiveness of veinous valves will do what to the right atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing skeletal muscle contractions will do what to the right atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing intrathoracic pressure (less negative) will do what to the right atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compliance = ΔV/ΔP or =ΔP/ΔV |
|
Definition
| Compliance = ΔV/ΔP [the more compliant, the more volume change per change in pressure] |
|
|
Term
| Which circulations have a very strong local control of blood flow (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What general mechanism does the coronary system use to control blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Challenges to local blood flow control (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Metabolic demand, 2) ischemia, 3) perfusion pressure |
|
|
Term
| Examples of vasodilator metabolites include (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) K+, 2) adenosine, 3) prostaglandins, 4) NO, 5) H2O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increasing blood flow through increasing metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increasing blood flow through concentration of vascular metabolites from ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Exercising skeletal muscle is an example of: active hyperemia, reactive hyperemia, autoregulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Removal of a tourniquet is an example of: active hyperemia, reactive hyperemia, autoregulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the hyperemia compare between durations of ischemia where the second is a longer duration |
|
Definition
| The hyperemia of the second is larger than the first [longer ischemia → larger hyperemia] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control of local blood flow despite changes in pressure [over a range of pressures] |
|
|
Term
| Consistent blood flow through the brain despite changes in blood pressure is an example of: active hyperemia, reactive hyperemia, autoregulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of autoregulation (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Metabolic, 2) myogenic |
|
|
Term
| Under autoregulation, what metabolic change occurs to increase flow when blood pressure is decreased |
|
Definition
| Increases vasodilator metabolites ("build up") that dilates the vessels to increase flow |
|
|
Term
| Under autoregulation, what metabolic change occurs to decrease flow when blood pressure is increased |
|
Definition
| Decreases vasodilator metabolites ("washout") that reduces dilation of the vessels to decrease flow |
|
|
Term
| Under autoregulation, what myogenic change occurs to increase flow when blood pressure is decreased |
|
Definition
| Decreases smooth muscle stretch that decreases [Ca2+] and decreases contraction that causes vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Under autoregulation, what myogenic change occurs to decrease flow when blood pressure is increased |
|
Definition
| Increases smooth muscle stretch that increases [Ca2+] and decreases contraction that causes vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Which is an intrinsic property of vascular smooth muscle: metabolic or myogenic mechanism of autoregulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L-Arg → NO by what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of NO stimulation (3; 2 are chemical) |
|
Definition
| 1) ACh, 2) serotonin, 3) shear stress from blood flow |
|
|
Term
| NO ___ [inhibits or activates] platelets |
|
Definition
| Inhibits platelet activation |
|
|
Term
| Prostacylcin (PGI2): vasodilator or vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
| Vasodilator [prostaglandin → PGI2 → inflammation → vasodilation → extravasation] |
|
|
Term
| Endothelin: vasodilator or vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstrictor [most potent known to exist] |
|
|
Term
| Activated platelets secrete what two things we have to care about |
|
Definition
| 1) Serotonin, 2) thromboxane |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: vasodilator or vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thromboxane: vasodilator or vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which doesn't below: NO, endothelin, serotonin, thromboxane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following are vasoconstrictors, but which indirectly causes vasodilation too: endothelin, serotonin, thromboxane |
|
Definition
| Serotonin → ↑NO → vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Which has widespread vascular innervation: SNS or PSNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has widespread heart innervation: SNS or PSNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS neurotransmitters (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS to adrenal glands secrete (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two subtypes of adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α-adrenergics in vasculature: vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| β1-adrenergics in the heart |
|
Definition
| 1) ↑ chronotropy, 2) ↑ inotropy |
|
|
Term
| β2-adrenergics in vasculature: vaasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which adrenergics oppose each other in vasculature |
|
Definition
| α & β2 [REMEMBER: net effect is dependent upon concentration of receptors, α usually dominates] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) NE, 2) vasodilator metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Increasing SNS activity effects what changes in vascular tone (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) ↑ vascular resistance, 2) ↓ vascular compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh's effects on the heart (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) ↓ chronotropy, 2) ↓ inotropy, 3) ↓ dromotropy |
|
|
Term
| Humoral factors hormones (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) NE, 2) EPI, 3) Ang II, 4) ADH/vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Ang II: vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ang II: increases with an ___ [increase or decrease] in arterial pressure |
|
Definition
| Decrease pressure → more Ang II |
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin: vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin: increases with an ___ [increase or decrease] in arterial pressure |
|
Definition
| Decrease pressure → more vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin: increases with an ___ [increase or decrease] in blood volume |
|
Definition
| Decrease blood volume → more vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin: increases with an ___ [increase or decrease] in blood osmolarity |
|
Definition
| Increase osmolarity → more vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Myocardium is perfused during: systole or diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extravascular compression most affects which heart chamber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When calculating blood flow through the myocardium, the "upstream" pressure is best approximated as |
|
Definition
| Aortic diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systolic arterial pressure * heart rate [name says it all no?] |
|
|
Term
| How do the coronary arteries "know" if the work done by the heart is increasing |
|
Definition
| Increased vasodilator metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Diseased coronary veesels show an increased ___ [vasoconstrictor or vasodilator] response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilator treatment may be counter-productive in patients with a coronary stenosis because of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilation of normal coronaries may reduce flow to stenotic vessels |
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation and hyperventilation are a concern for cerebral blood flow because of what substance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation leads to what in cerebral blood flow: vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation leads to what in cerebral blood flow: vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS ischemia leads to ___ [increase or decrease] in ___ [SNS or PSNS] activity that leads to ___ [vasoconstriction or vasodilation] in other tissues |
|
Definition
| Leads to increase in SNS activity leading to vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| If a capillary bed vasoconstricts, what could you postulate about CNS perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantage of having extra capillaries in skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| Under hyperemia, they become patent to increase total blood flow through an active muscle |
|
|
Term
| If SNS causes vasoconstriction, why would SNS activity increase during heavy exercise |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstricts in inactive skeletal muscle, leaving more blood flow for active muscles that vasodilate through metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Dynamic exercise has mechanisms to increase cardiac output (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) SNS activity increases to arterioles, 2) SNS activity increases to veins, 3) SNS activity increases to heart, 4) PSNS activity decreases to heart, 5) skeletal muscle pump, 6) hyperventilation & the associated negative intrathoracic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory nerves in muscle cause increased SNS activity [pressor as in increases blood pressure] |
|
|
Term
| Splanchnic blood flow is increased post-eating how |
|
Definition
| GI hormones cause vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Main function of cutaneous blood flow regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriovenous anastamoses of the skin are under what control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriovenous anastamoses of the skin are NOT under what control (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Local regulation, 2) autoregulation, 3) reactive hyperemia |
|
|
Term
| Local cooling of the skin induces: vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense changes in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Tonic baroreceptors ___ [inhibit or activate] SNS and ___ PSNS |
|
Definition
| Inhibit SNS and activate PSNS |
|
|
Term
| Carotid sinus innervated by which CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arotic arch innervated by which CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carotid sinus & aortic arch afferents to which nucleus |
|
Definition
| Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) |
|
|
Term
| How do baroreceptors detect blood pressure |
|
Definition
| Distension of vessel wall stretches/relaxes nerves and they change depolarization frequency |
|
|
Term
| Increased baroreceptor frequency indicates ___ [increase or decrease] in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| Increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| How could aging affect baroreceptor function |
|
Definition
| Decreased vessel compliance with age → decreased baroreceptor function |
|
|
Term
| Minimum pressure for baroreceptor firing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saturation pressure for baroreceptor firing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased baroreceptor firing __ [increases or decreases] vasopressin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is baroreceptor adaptation/resetting [I don't get the difference] |
|
Definition
| Shift in pressure sensitivity from sustained blood pressure change |
|
|
Term
| What is the long-term consequence of the fast baroreceptor adaptation/resetting |
|
Definition
| Chronic blood pressure adjustment must be done by means other than the baroreceptor reflex |
|
|
Term
| How long does baroreceptor adaptation/resetting take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under chronic hypertension, baroreceptor sensitivity: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consequences of decrease baroreceptor sensitivity (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased blood pressure variability, 2) arrhythmias, 3) sudden cardiac death post-MI/HF/DM, 4) high SNS activity, 5) low PSNS activity |
|
|
Term
| Which plot [top or bottom] is more likely from decreased baroreceptor sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sensors exist in the heart (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mechanosenstivie, 2) chemosensitive |
|
|
Term
| When are mechanosensitive cardiac vagal afferents active in healthy people |
|
Definition
| Normally active, particularly when laying down |
|
|
Term
| Chemical factors that activate vagal & SNS afferents on MI, thrmobosis, & reperfusion (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Prostaglandins, 2) adenosine, 3) bradykinin, 4) serotonin, 5) reactive oxygen species, 6) H+ |
|
|
Term
| Increased cardiac vagal afferents ___ [increases or decreases] SNS activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased cardiac vagal afferents ___ [increases or decreases] vasopressin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased activity from cardiac vagal afferents results in (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreases TPVR, 2) increased renal blood flow, 3) decreases renin, 4) increased urine, 5) increased sodium excretion |
|
|
Term
| Increased cardiac vagal afferents works to ___ [increase or decrease] total blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased activity from arterial baroreceptors results in (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreases TPVR, 2) decreases heart rate, 3) increased renal blood flow, 4) decreases renin, 5) increased urine, 6) increased sodium excretion |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac vagal afferents then affects: SNS or PSNS activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial baroreceptors then affects: SNS or PSNS activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of mild hemorrhage (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased SNS activity, 2) vasoconstriction, 3) increased heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Effects of severe hemorrhage (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased PSNS activity, 2) decreases SNS activity, 3) decreased TPVR, 4) decreased heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Why are the effects of severe hemorrhage "paradoxical" |
|
Definition
| They are in the opposite direction of the actions needed to curb severe hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurocardiogenic syncope from certain drugs that evoke a paradoxical activation of cardiac vagal afferents |
|
|
Term
| Carotid body contains what kind of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What depolarizes glomus cells (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypoxia, 2) hypercapnia, 3) acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Increased carotid body activity leads to what responses (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased ventilation, 2) increased SNS activity to vasculature, 3) increased PSNS activity to heart, 4) |
|
|
Term
| What response of the carotid body opposes/inhibits the activity of the carotid body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung inflation reflex ___ [activates or inhibits] ___ [SNS or PSNS] activity to the heart |
|
Definition
| Inhibits PSNS activity [make sense? PSNS activity is significantly faster than SNS activity] |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory sinus arrythmia: physiological or pathological |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung inflation reflex ___ [activates or inhibits] ___ [SNS or PSNS] activity to the vasculature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exercise-induced SNS activation by skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Apnea, 2) increase PSNS to heart, 3) increase SNS to vasculature |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal afferent reflex aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage from blood pressure variability (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cardiac & vascular hypertrophy, 2) kidney damage, 3) retinopathy, 4) stroke |
|
|
Term
| Which is physiological: blood pressure variability or heart rate variability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is pathological: blood pressure variability or heart rate variability |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure variability |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: low- or high-frequency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long-term control of arterial pressure (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Renal, 2) vascular hypertrophy, 3) neurohormonal (NE, Ang II, endothelin, NO, ROS), 4) environment (dietary salt, stress) |
|
|
Term
| For a given LVEDP, increasing contractility will ___ [increase or decrease] stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a given LVEDP, increasing afterload will ___ [increase or decrease] stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing cardiac output will ___ [increase or decrease] right atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac output and right atrial pressure are: proportional or inversely proportional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This curve is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This curve is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a given right atrial pressure, increasing blood volume will ___ [increase or decrease] cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a given right atrial pressure, increasing venous compliance will ___ [increase or decrease] cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular function curve: changing blood volume: shifts curve or changes slope of the curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular function curve: changing venous compliance: shifts curve or changes slope of the curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular function curve: changing TPVR: shifts curve or changes slope of the curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does changing TPVR have no effect on right atrial pressure when cardiac output is zero |
|
Definition
| Peripheral resistance is irrelevant to filling pressure when there is no flow |
|
|
Term
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
Definition
| Controls sodium & water levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Ang I → Ang II by what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ang II → Ang(1-7) by what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does RAAS ___ [oppose or synergize] with atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Classifications of shock (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypovolemic, 2) cardiogenic, 3) hypermetabolic, 4) neurogenic |
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: post-myocardial infarction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: valve dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: arrhythmias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: sepsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: spinal cord injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of shock: excess epidural anesthesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significant events of hemorrhage (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) ↓ central volume, 2) ↓ LVEDV/P, 3) ↓ SV, 4) ↓ CO 5) ↓ MAP |
|
|
Term
| Shift from A to B might happen from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shift from A to B might happen from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers an increase in SNS activity (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased baroreceptor activity, 2) decreased cardiopulmonary vagal afferents activity |
|
|
Term
| What triggers an increase in vasopressin (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased baroreceptor activity, 2) decreased cardiopulmonary vagal afferents activity |
|
|
Term
| What triggers a decrease in PSNS activity (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased baroreceptor activity, 2) decreased cardiopulmonary vagal afferents activity |
|
|
Term
| What triggers a decrease in baroreceptor activity (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decreased arterial pressure, 2) decreased arterial pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| What triggers a decrease in cardiopulmonary vagal afferents |
|
Definition
| Decreased central blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What triggers an increase in renal Na and H2O reabsorption (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased vasopressin, 2) increased SNS activity, 3) increased aldosterone, 4) increased renin, 5) increased Ang II |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in heart rate (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased SNS activity, 2) decrased PSNS activity |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in TPVR (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased renin, 2) increased Ang II, 3) increased SNS activity, 4) increased vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in cardiac output (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased heart rate, 2) increased stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in stroke volume (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased contractility, 2) increased right arterial pressure & increased LVEDP |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in right atrial pressure (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased blood volume, 2) decreased venous compliance |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in blood pressure (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased TPVR, 2) increased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in blood volume (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fluid reabsorption into capillaries, 2) renal Na & H2O reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased inotropy → increased SV → increased CO |
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased inotropy → increased SV → increased CO |
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
| Decreased venous compliance or increased blood volume |
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
| Decreased venous compliance or increased blood volume |
|
|
Term
| Increasing contractility will ___ [increase or decrease] preload |
|
Definition
| Decrease, but not by much |
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shift from B to C might happen from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatments of hypovolemic shock (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Stop bleeding, 2) fluid resuscitation, 3) vasoconstrictors, 4) others (e.g., acid/base, temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced ejection fraction |
|
|
Term
| Causes of heart failure (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) MI, 2) chronic hypertension, 3) valvular heart disease, 4) pulmonary hypertension, 5) AV shunts, 6) cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of contractility from an MI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of contractility from an MI |
|
|
Term
| Shift from grey to teal might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to heart post-MI |
|
|
Term
| Shift from grey to teal might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to heart post-MI |
|
|
Term
| Shift to purple might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to arterioles [grey line is SNS to heart only] |
|
|
Term
| Shift to purple might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to arterioles [grey line is SNS to heart only] |
|
|
Term
| Shift to teal might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to decrease venous compliance [previous was SNS to heart & arterioles] |
|
|
Term
| Shift to teal might happen from |
|
Definition
| Increased SNS to decrease venous compliance [previous was SNS to heart & arterioles] |
|
|
Term
| Spiral downward happens when heart failure becomes ___ due to ___ |
|
Definition
| Congested heart failure due to increasing SNS activity |
|
|
Term
| Ways to reverse congestion in heart failure is be giving (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vasodilators, 2) diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac & vascular function curves are not good at discriminating (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Afterload, 2) stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| Primary ciliary dyskinesia |
|
Definition
| Immotile cilia → respiratory tract problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory cells; unidentifiable in histo preps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuroendocrine network; unidentifiable in histo preps |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the respiratory mucosa is highly vascularized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell types in olfactory epithelium (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Basal, 2) sustentacular, 3) olfactory neurons |
|
|
Term
| Cell morphology of olfactory neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glands in the lamina propria of olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the epithelium of the respiratory tract does endoderm meet ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progression of epithelia in bronchioles |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar → simple cuboidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce GAG's to protect against airborne toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Regular, 2) terminal, 3) respiratory |
|
|
Term
| Last bronchiole type in the conducting zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures of the blood-air barrier (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Squamous alveolar cell, 2) basal lamina, 3) capillary endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory distress syndrome |
|
Definition
| Neonates without developed type II pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages in lung tissue aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia type in alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the pulmonary tree do goblet cells diminish in number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the pulmonary tree to alveoli appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saturation of oxygen in arterial blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure of carbon dioxygen in arterial blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure of carbon dioxygen in alveolar gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure of oxygen in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure at the airway opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute ventilation (=breaths per minute * voluem per breath) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main factor controller drive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Level in which PaCo2 is regulated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location in the body with lowest PO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location in the body with highest PCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory drive originates in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally, inspiration is caused by a pressure drop in ___ that drops the pressure in the ___ |
|
Definition
| Drop in the pleural pressure that drops the alveolar pressure |
|
|
Term
| Normal respiration is an example of ___ [negative or positive] pressure respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanical ventilation is an example of ___ [negative or positive] pressure respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most important mechanical properties of respiration (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Resistance, 2) compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asthma affects: resistance or compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary fibrosis affects: resistance or compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obesity affects: resistance or compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emphysema affects: resistance or compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dominant form in which CO2 is transported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dominant form in which O2 is transported |
|
Definition
| On hemoglobin [= oxyhemoglobin] |
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: maximum lung volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: minimum lung volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: maximum expiration to maximum inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: volume of resting breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: resting expiration to maximum inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: resting expiration to maximum expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name that PFT: total volume at resting expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inspiration reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expiration reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional residual capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volume in which lung recoil matches chest wall expansion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FRC: obesity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FRC: fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FRC: diffusely scarred lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FRC: emphysema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forced expiratory manuever in 1 second |
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FEV1: asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary tasks of the respiratory system (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Control pH, 2) heat exchange, 3) immune surveillance, 4) chemistry lab of sorts (e.g., ACE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unencumbered, lungs would collapse on their own to __% of TLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surfactant __ [increases or decreases] surface tension |
|
Definition
| Decreases surface tension |
|
|
Term
| Pleural pressure is normally about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary muscle of inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary muscles of inspiration |
|
Definition
| 1) Scalenes, 2) SCM, 3) back & neck muscles, 4) upper airway dilator muscles |
|
|
Term
| Secondary muscles of expiration |
|
Definition
| 1) Internal intercostals, 2) abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Which curve is emphysema: top or bottom curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in FRC: pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase or decrease in compliance: kyphoscoliosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which curve is fibrosis: top or bottom curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does lung deflation & inflation follow the same path on a P-V plot? |
|
Definition
| No, lungs have hysteresis |
|
|
Term
| Why is the plot so flat at the red arrow |
|
Definition
| Collapsed alveoli are not compliant |
|
|
Term
| Name for the bend at the purple arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of breathing happens at the green arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transpulmonary pressure is highest at: base or apex of lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resistance is greatest in which part of the airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air velocity is greatest in which part of the airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maximal expiratory flow is largely ___ [dependent or independent] of effort |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bernoulli effect matters on maximal expiration in what way |
|
Definition
| Velocity decreases pressure which collapses the airway thus increasing resistance |
|
|
Term
| What counters the Bernoulli effect in larger airways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons why emphysema reduces FEV1 (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Reduced elastic recoil, 2) floopier airways that collapse during expiration |
|
|
Term
| Tricky question: do lungs passively or actively expand during inspiration |
|
Definition
| Passive: the chest wall activately expands and the lungs passively inflate |
|
|
Term
| __% of oxygen consumption is used to breathe at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equation of Moation for the lung: ΔP = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atmosphere is __% N2, __% O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PO2 = 760 mmHg * 21% = 160 mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms of CO2 in the body (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dissolved CO2, 2) bicarbonate, 3) carbamino |
|
|
Term
| Dissolved CO2 in plasma is about __% of total CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 ↔ bicarbonate by what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As bicarbonate leaves an RBC, what enters to maintain eleconeutrality and produces a "__" |
|
Definition
| Chloride produces a "chloride shift" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VE = tidal volume * respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| Portion of minute ventilation that does not participate in gas exchange |
|
Definition
| Dead space ventilation (VD) |
|
|
Term
| Is dead space ventilation __ [anatomical or physiological] dead space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of minute ventilation that does participate in gas exchange |
|
Definition
| Alveolar ventilation (VA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCO2 is __ [directly or inversely] proportional to VCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCO2 is __ [directly or inversely] proportional to VA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gas that is dependent upon blood flow is said to be: diffusion-limited or perfusion-limited |
|
Definition
| Perfusion-limited [more flow will transfer more gas] |
|
|
Term
| A gas that is independent upon blood flow is said to be: diffusion-limited or perfusion-limited |
|
Definition
| Diffusion-limited [more flow won't transfer more gas] |
|
|
Term
| Is respiration in humans at rest ___ [diffusion or perfussion] limited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When might human respiration be diffusion-limited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What best explains hypoxemia in patients with really thick alveolar walls |
|
Definition
| NOT DIFFUSION-LIMITED! No, instead think ventilation-perfusion mismatch |
|
|
Term
| 1 gram of Hb carries __ mL of O2 and 1 dL of blood has normally __ grams of Hb |
|
Definition
| 1 g Hb = 1.34 mL O2; body has 15 grams [not likely to have to know this, but you will have to know Hb/dL some day] |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between PO2 and SO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between PCO2 and SCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left shifting of the Hb-dissociation curve is __ [increased or decreased] oxygen affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right shifting of the Hb-dissociation curve is __ [increased or decreased] oxygen affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: increased pH __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: decreased pH __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: increased temperature __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: decreased temperature __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: increased 2,3-DPG __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin-dissociation curve: decreased 2,3-DPG __ [increases or decreases] O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the myoglobin-dissociation curve to the "left" or "right" of the Hb-dissociation curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is worse, when ventilation exceeds perfusion or when perfusion exceeds ventilation |
|
Definition
| When perfusion exceeds ventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fraction of inspired air that is oxygen (% oxygen = 21%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAO2 = PaO2 - PCO2/R = FIO2*(Patm-PH2O) - PCO2/R |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory exchange ratio [i.e., respiratory quotient] = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideal PAO2 in Iowa City = __ mmHg |
|
Definition
| 98 mmHg or about 100 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper bound to PAO2 |
|
Definition
| Infinite ventilation and no perfusion (PAO2=0 mmHg) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lower bound to PAO2 |
|
Definition
| Zero ventilation (PAO2=40 mmHg matches venous blood) |
|
|
Term
| A-a gradient is a clinically useful measure of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideal lungs have an A-a gradient of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| West zones of the lungs (3; inferior to superior) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PA > Pa > Pv describes which West zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pa > PA > Pv describes which West zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pa > Pv > PA describes which West zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pressure changes its order between the West zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there no blood flow in the West zone 1 |
|
Definition
| Alveolar pressure closes arterial and venous vessels |
|
|
Term
| Why is there some blood flow in the West zone 2 |
|
Definition
| Arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure |
|
|
Term
| Why is there good blood flow in the West zone 3 |
|
Definition
| Arterial and venous pressure are greater than alveolar |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow in West zone 1 is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow in West zone 2 is determined by what pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow in West zone 3 is determined by what pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are the alveoli at the apex of the lung less compliant |
|
Definition
| They are more distended due to higher transmural pressure, higher volume means less compliant |
|
|
Term
| Which West zone ventilates and perfuses better |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you average PCO2 levels when mixing two volumes of blood: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you average PO2 levels when mixing two volumes of blood: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No [I guarantee this is a test question some how. GUARANTEE!] |
|
|
Term
| What is the root problem with V/Q mismatch |
|
Definition
| Low V/Q units contributing hypoxemic blood thus preventing adequate oxygen levels leaving lungs |
|
|
Term
| Why is SO2 not 100% in healthy resting individuals |
|
Definition
| Half of bronchial circulation returns via pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| If bronchi do not participate in gas exchange and have no pulmonary circulation, how are they perfused |
|
Definition
| Bronchial circulation, which is apart of the systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| SO2 not being 100% in healthy resting individuals is due to a __ [anatomical or physiological] shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pulmonary circulation retain high compliance under high cardiac output (e.g., exercising) |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary arterial pressure increases and shifts the West zones more apically so that more of the lungs are in zones 2 & 3 |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism permits V/Q matching in healthy individuals by not perfusing unventilated alveoli |
|
Definition
| Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction [arterioles constrict under hypoxia, unlike systemic arterioles that would dilate] |
|
|
Term
| Is the ventilation-perfusion shown healthy: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, some V/Q mismatch always occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood flow from right to left heart that never sees alveolar gas |
|
|
Term
| Which responds well to oxygen therapy: V/Q mismatch or shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should oxygen therapy be given for shunt |
|
Definition
| Yes, the difference in SO2 may be small but it may be clinically significant |
|
|
Term
| V/Q mismatch is often a problem of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shunt is often a problem of the |
|
Definition
| Alveolar filling or collapsing |
|
|
Term
| Which is most likely to show up on a chest x-ray: V/Q mismatch or shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways that V/Q mismatch differs clinically from shuns (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Causitive lesions occurs in different locations, 2) chest x-rays differ, 3) different response to oxygen therapy |
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: heart rate can increase by what factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: cardiac output can increase by what factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: sweat production rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: ventilation can increase by what factor |
|
Definition
| ~20-30 [5 to 120-160 L/min] |
|
|
Term
| Shunting of blood to the skin to dissipate heat can cause what change to heart function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sweat production can cause what change to heart function |
|
Definition
| Decreases blood volume and, thusly, preload |
|
|
Term
| Until reaching VO2 max, what is the relationship between oxygen uptake and workload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VO2 max = cardiac output * maximum a-v O2 difference |
|
|
Term
| Training has what oxygen handling effects on muscle (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased myoglobin, 2) increased capillarization |
|
|
Term
| How quickly can bed rest reduce VO2 max |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has the largest drop in VO2 max after bed rest: trained or untrained people |
|
Definition
| Trained lose the most in VO2 max |
|
|
Term
| Training __ [increases or decreases] SV in the young |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Training __ [increases or decreases] SV in the older |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Training __ [increases or decreases] maximal a-v difference in the youngTraining __ [increases or decreases] maximal a-v difference in the young |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Training __ [increases or decreases] maximal a-v difference in the older |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does VO2 max decrease with age (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of muscle mass, 2) decrease in maximal heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Why is VO2 max different between the sexes |
|
Definition
| Lower hemoglobin concentration |
|
|
Term
| Energy sources of skeletal muscle (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Phosphocreatine, 2) glycogen/glucose, 3) triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: ATP supply in a muscle would last about how long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: phosphocreatine supply in a muscle would last about how long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: aerobic oxidation supply in a muscle would last about how long |
|
Definition
| A really long time as long as fatty acids are used |
|
|
Term
| At maximum exercise: anaerobic glycolysis in a muscle would last about how long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which measures systemic O2 → CO2: RER or RQ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which measures cellular O2 → CO2: RER or RQ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which curve represents fat: the one with positive or negative slope |
|
Definition
| Negative slope [fat usage as substrate decreases with intensity] |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect substrate utilization during exercise (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Work intensity, 2) state of physical training |
|
|
Term
| State of physical training has effects that affect substrate utilization (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased ability to mobilze & utilize fats, 2) glycogen is spared as a consequence of (1) |
|
|
Term
| In an untrained person, lactate threshold is about __% of VO2 max |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a trained person, lactate threshold is about __% of VO2 max |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by large motor neurons: type I or II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by small motor neurons: type I or II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are recruited first: type I or II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are recruited last: type I or II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fiber types based on metabolism (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Slow oxidative, 2) Fasto oxidative glycolytic, 3) fast glycolytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle fibers recruited from smallest to largest size |
|
|
Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are recruited for high velocity: type I or II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fiber diameter: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial density: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillary density: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myoglobin content: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Twitch time: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Force production: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatigability: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglyceride stores: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative enzyme activity: SO < FOG < FG or SO > FOG > FG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Training of muscle: hypertrophy or hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does aerobic training increase lactate buffering: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does anaerobic training increase lactate buffering: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delayed onset muscle soreness (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cellular damage, 2) inflammation, 3) PGE2 sensitization of nerve endings, 4) histamine, 5) edema, 6) hyperthermia [more, but these are big ones IMHO] |
|
|
Term
| Is the CPG __ [unilateral or bilateral] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do upper dilators matter: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes [and it's frequently underappreciated] |
|
|
Term
| What may contribute to sleep apnea |
|
Definition
| Reduced activity of upper airway dilators |
|
|
Term
| Neuron groups involved in respiration (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DRG receives afferents from (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which contains motor neurons: DRG or VRG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which controls inspiration: DRG or VRG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which controls expiration: DRG or VRG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the VRG receive afferents directly or indirectly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothesized location of the CPG |
|
Definition
| Pre-Botzinger complex [rostral VRG] |
|
|
Term
| Groups of respiratory neurons in the pons that modulate respiratory activity (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Apneustic center, 2) pneumotaxic center |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Carotid body, 2) aortic body |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors primarily respond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are peripheral chemoreceptors innervated by SNS & PSNS if they have chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| Autonomics module blood supply to modulate flow to the chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| If SNS activity to the carotid body is increased, what do the chemoreceptors tell the CPG to do |
|
Definition
| Increase ventilation [because the carotid body is sensing hypoxia from vasoconstriction] |
|
|
Term
| Glomus cells [type I cells] |
|
Definition
| Actual chemosensitive cells |
|
|
Term
| Actual chemosensitive cells of the carotid body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells support glomus cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustentacular cells [type II cells] |
|
Definition
| Support glomus cells [sustentacular is Latin "to support" so think sustain] |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptors sense changes to CO2, O2, pH and converge on inhibition of |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptors fire when potassium channels are: inhibited or activated |
|
Definition
| Inhibited [leads to depolarization and calcium influx] |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of potassium channels in chemoreceptors caused by __ [increase or decrease] in PCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of potassium channels in chemoreceptors caused by __ [increase or decrease] in PO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of potassium channels in chemoreceptors caused by __ [increase or decrease] in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are central chemoreceptors slow to respond to pH changes |
|
Definition
| Blood-brain barrier is relativiely insensitive to strong ions like H+ |
|
|
Term
| Some neurons exist that mediate arousal to CO2, what kind and where |
|
Definition
| Serotonergic neurons in the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Which neurons may play a role in SIDS |
|
Definition
| Midbrain neurons that mediate arousal to CO2 |
|
|
Term
| __% to __% of ventilatory response to CO2 is accounted for by the central chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a given PCO2, does increasing PO2 __ [increase or decrease] ventilation rate |
|
Definition
| Decreases ventilation rate |
|
|
Term
| For a given PCO2, does decreasing PO2 __ [increase or decrease] ventilation rate |
|
Definition
| Increases ventilation rate |
|
|
Term
| For a given PO2, does increasing PCO2 __ [increase or decrease] ventilation rate |
|
Definition
| Increases ventilation rate |
|
|
Term
| For a given PO2, does decreasing PCO2 __ [increase or decrease] ventilation rate |
|
Definition
| Decreases ventilation rate |
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors in the lung & upper airways (3) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) Slowly & rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch, 3) C-fiber receptors |
|
|
Term
| Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors ___ [increase or decrease] firing with decreased lung volume |
|
Definition
| Decrease firing with decreased lung volume |
|
|
Term
| Activation off slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors __ [inhibits or activates] ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors detect |
|
Definition
| Chemicals: histamine, prostaglandins, cigarette smoke |
|
|
Term
| C-fiber receptors respond to what modalities (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chemical, 2) mechanical |
|
|
Term
| Activation of C-fiber receptors leads to (3) |
|
Definition
| Prevent penetration of foreign materials: 1) Bronchoconstriction, 2) increased mucus, 3) rapid, shallow breathing |
|
|
Term
| Reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| Source of tonic drive to breathe during wakefulness |
|
|
Term
| Sudden shock leads to what breathing pattern |
|
Definition
| Sudden, sharp inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Does PCO2 tend to ___ [rise or fall] a few mmHg during sleep |
|
Definition
| Fall a few mmHg [and this is done by the reticular activating system] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally reduced central drive during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper airway dilator activity declines leading to inspiratory narrowing |
|
|
Term
| Which still retains respiratory effort during zero airflow: central or obstructive sleep apnea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has no respiratory effort during zero airflow: central or obstructive sleep apnea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body respond to high altitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the oxygen uptake vs. cardiac output relationship modified after training |
|
Definition
| None, the same relationship exists for trained and untrained |
|
|
Term
| Factors that cause increased cardiac output during exercise (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tachycardia, 2) SNS activity, 3) Frank-Starling mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Factors that govern stroke volume (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Preload, 2) distensibility of the ventricles, 3) afterload |
|
|
Term
| Training affects stroke volume how at rest & during exercise |
|
Definition
| Higher at both rest and during exercise |
|
|
Term
| How does heart rate increase with oxygen uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does maximal heart rate change after training |
|
Definition
| It doesn't, maximum HR is about the same |
|
|
Term
| Training does what to heart rate at a given oxygen uptake |
|
Definition
| Training decreases heart rate for the same oxygen uptake |
|
|
Term
| For prolonged exercise, heart rate and stroke volume change due to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sweating change heart rate |
|
Definition
| Increases it to maintain blood pressure from volume loss |
|
|
Term
| How does sweating change stroke volume |
|
Definition
| Decreases preload due to volume loss |
|
|
Term
| How does a-vO2 difference change with exercise |
|
Definition
| Oxygen difference increases with exercise due to greater oxygen extraction |
|
|
Term
| How does training affect a-vO2 difference at a given workload |
|
Definition
| It doesn't until at high levels then training increases the difference more |
|
|
Term
| How does the cardiac output fraction to skin change with workload |
|
Definition
| It slightly increases then slightly decreases to maintain blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does the cardiac output fraction to viscera change with workload |
|
Definition
| Steadily decreases with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| How does the cardiac output fraction to muscle change with workload |
|
Definition
| Increases steadily with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| How does the cardiac output fraction to the heart & lungs change with workload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does systolic pressure change with workload |
|
Definition
| Increases with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| How does mean arterial pressure change with workload |
|
Definition
| Increases with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| How does diastolic pressure change with workload |
|
Definition
| Same or slightly decreased with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| How does TPVR change with workload |
|
Definition
| Decreases with workload increase |
|
|
Term
| Which increases blood pressure: dynamic or isometric exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which decreases blood pressure: dynamic or isometric exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who generally has a lower resting blood pressure: sedentary or trained |
|
Definition
| Trained have a lower resting BP |
|
|
Term
| Resistance training can __ [increase or decrease] resting blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endurance training increases levels of what to increase blood volume (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) ADH, 2) aldosterone, 3) plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| How does minute ventilation increase with exercise (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased tidal volume, 2) increased respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| How does tidal volume change with workload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does respiratory rate change with workload |
|
Definition
| Linear then increases at a faster rate |
|
|
Term
| At a given oxygen uptake, which has a higher minute ventilation: trained or untrained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which can achieve a higher maximum minute ventilation: trained or untrained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does pulmonary ventilation limit maximal oxygen: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With increased workload, does VCO2 increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With increased workload, does [lactate] increase or decrease |
|
Definition
| Steady until after the anaerobic threshold then it increases |
|
|
Term
| With increased workload, does PaO2 increase or decrease |
|
Definition
| Steady until after the anaerobic threshold then it increases |
|
|
Term
| With increased workload, does PaCO2 increase or decrease |
|
Definition
| Decreases, especially after the anaerobic threshold |
|
|
Term
| With increased workload, does pH increase or decrease |
|
Definition
| Steady until after the anaerobic threshold then in decreases |
|
|
Term
| Why does PaO2 increase after anaerobic metabolism kicks in at the anaerobic threshold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation: increase or decrease PaCO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation: increase or decrease PaO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation: increase or decrease A-a PO2 difference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hypoxemia respond to oxygen therapy: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hypoventilation respond to oxygen therapy: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does shunt respond to oxygen therapy: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shunt: increases or decreases PaO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shunt: increases or decreases A-a PO2 difference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does V/Q mismatch respond to oxygen therapy: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V/Q mismatch: increases or decreases PaO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V/Q mismatch: increases or decreases A-a PO2 difference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is V/Q mismatch more like __ [shunt or hypoventilation] on A-a PO2 difference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V/Q mismatch: increases or decreases minute ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do Ppl, Pao, Palv increase with inspiration on a ventilator |
|
Definition
| Mechanical ventilator works on positive pressure |
|
|
Term
| When lungs do not return to FRC during asthma, that is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auto-PEEP can occur with what diseases (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auto-PEEP ultimately results in what happening to the thorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing surfactant: __ [increases or decreases] FRC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing surfactant: __ [increases or decreases] tidal volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing surfactant: __ [increases or decreases] respiratory rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emphysema: __ [increases or decreases] FRC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emphysema: __ [increases or decreases] pleural pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emphysema: __ [increases or decreases] end expiratory volume |
|
Definition
| Increases [due to lack of elastic recoil] |
|
|
Term
| Increasing PEEP has effects on the heart similar to what CV condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to normal, decreasing contractility does what to the Frank-Starling curve |
|
Definition
| Heart plateaus on a lower stroke volume (blue line) |
|
|
Term
| Compared to normal, increasing contractility does what to the Frank-Starling curve |
|
Definition
| Stroke volume increases for all LVEDP's (green line) |
|
|
Term
| What ultimately and abruptly puts an upper limit on end diastolic volumes |
|
Definition
| Fibrous pericardium ultimately prevents further filling [not in the simulation but a point worth making] |
|
|
Term
| When using a Swan-Ganz catheter, what changes when you enter the right ventricle |
|
Definition
| Significant jump in systolic pressure [4 to 30 mmHg] |
|
|
Term
| When using a Swan-Ganz catheter, what changes when you enter the pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
| Significant jump in diastolic pressure [4 to 13 mmHg] |
|
|
Term
| When using a Swan-Ganz catheter, what changes when catether wedges |
|
Definition
| Significant drop in systolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure would __ [increase or decrease] after an LV infarction |
|
Definition
| Increase [infarction → decreased contractility → increased preload → increased LVEDP] |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure would __ [increase or decrease] after hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| Decrease [hemorrhage → decreased preload → decreased LVEDP] |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure would __ [increase or decrease] with mitral valve stenosis |
|
Definition
| Increase [prevents filling so atrial pressure would build up] |
|
|
Term
| Immediate result of adding blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long-term result of adding blood volume |
|
Definition
| Increased preload and afterload shifts PV loop to the right with larger area |
|
|
Term
| Immediate result of increased TPVR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long-term result of increased TPVR |
|
Definition
| Increased preload and afterload shifts PV loop to the right, and causes increased contractility so PV loop is taller |
|
|
Term
| Immediate result of increased contractility |
|
Definition
| Increases stroke volume to a lower LVESP |
|
|
Term
| Long-term result of increased contractility |
|
Definition
| Decreased preload and afterload shifts PV loop to the left |
|
|
Term
| Most striking features of aortic stenosis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Isovolumetric relaxation phase is not isovolumetric, 2) much higher pressures |
|
|
Term
| Most striking features of aortic aortic regurgitation (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Isovolumetric relaxation phase is not isovolumetric, 2) higher preload |
|
|
Term
| Why is the pressure significantly higher with aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
| Stenotic valve adds considerable resistance → increased afterload → higher pressure required |
|
|
Term
| What causes the non-isovolumetric relaxation with regurgitation |
|
Definition
| Back-flow of blood from aorta into LV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic hypoperfusion that affects normal organ function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DO2 = cardiac output * arterial oxygen content = CO * CaO2 |
|
|
Term
| Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) = |
|
Definition
| CaO2 = 1.39 * [Hgb] * SaO2 + 0.0003 * PaO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal arterial oxygen content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situations in which dissolved O2 is physiological important (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Severe anemia, 2) hyperbaric chamber (possible to survive at 2.5 atm @ 100% O2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.5 mL/kg/min (70 kg → 250 mL/min) |
|
|
Term
| Which is normally larger: DO2 or VO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When DO2 no longer exceeds twice VO2 |
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Term
| As DO2 decreases, does ERO2 increase or decrease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ERO2 = (CaO2 - CvO2) / CaO2 = VO2/DO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Anemic, 2) hypoxic, 3) histotoxic, stagnant |
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: hypoxia from anemia |
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Definition
| Anemic hypoxia [brilliant, eh?] |
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: severe pneumonia |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: inability to adequately oxygenate |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: cyanide poisoning |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: unable tot ake up or utilize oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: inadequate or maldistributed blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hypoxia: arterial thrombosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does shock cause decreased urine output |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does shock cause tachypnea |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does shock cause respiratory failure |
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Definition
| Decreased diaphragm perfusion |
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Term
| Why does shock cause cold, clammy skin |
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Definition
| Low cardiac output → SNS activation |
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Term
| Why does shock cause warm skin |
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Definition
| High cardiac output → shunting of blood to skin |
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Term
| Does shock guarantee low blood pressure: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| Why mechanically ventilate patients in shock |
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Definition
| Breathing can consume up to 50% of VO2 to avoid acidemia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Hypovolemic, 2) cardiogenic, 3) distributive |
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Term
| Type of shock: hemorrhage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type of shock: dehydration |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of shock: decreased heart contractility |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of shock: pulmonary artery outflow obstruction (e.g., pulmonary embolism) |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of shock: acute mitral regurgitation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type of shock: liver failure |
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Definition
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Term
| If lactate changes in shock, is it likely to increase or decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| If CvO2 changes in shock, is it likely to increase or decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| Questions to ask in clinical assessment (3) |
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Definition
| 1) Is the CO reduced? 2) If so, is the heart too full? 3) What doesn't fit? |
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Term
| How is cardiac output assessed at the bedside? |
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Definition
| Pulse pressure as a surrogate for stroke volume (CO proportional to SV) |
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Term
| Indications cardiac output may be reduced (6) |
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Definition
| 1) ↓ PP, 2) ↓ peripheral pulses, 3) ↓ extremity temp, 4) ↓ nail capillary refill, 5) muffled heart sounds, 6) chest pain, 7) diarrhea |
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does an S3 sound indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does jugular venous distension indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does cardiomegaly indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does chest pain indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does known heart disease indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does dry mucous membranes indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does decreased skin turgor indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does hemorrhage indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming reduced CO: what does dehydration indicate: heart too full or not |
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Definition
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Term
| Shock that goes untreated may become un-resolvable by Hippocrates himself, ths is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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