Term
| Taxonomy is the orderly classification of plants and animals according to their presume natural relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| The move toward sustainability is due to the use of pesticides, fertilizer and loss of land |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic hand tool maintenance can make tools last longer |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three divisions of horticulture; floriculture, landscaping and nursery production |
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Definition
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Term
| If you want to dig a hole just grab any shovel |
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Definition
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Term
| The term horl refers to three or more leaves arising from the node |
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Definition
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Term
| Good sustainable practices include economics, ecology and sociology |
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Definition
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Term
| The seed is made up of embryo, storage tissue and cambium |
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Definition
| F, embryo, endosperm, seed coat |
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Term
| Water use, air pollution, yard waste and pesticides are all problems the horticulture industry must be aware of |
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Definition
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Term
| The leaf scar is where the leaf was attached |
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Definition
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Term
| The apex is the edge of the leaf |
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Definition
| F, the tip or end farthest from the base or point of attachment |
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Term
| Jerome Rodale is remembered as the father of organic farming |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants are currently classified based on the texture and form |
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Definition
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Term
| Adventitious roots develop and replace other roots when the root system is cut |
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Definition
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Term
| Wilting occurs when transpiration of water, is greater than intake of water |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral concentration can be so high as to limit or stop water intake by the roothairs |
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Definition
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Term
| Translocation is the loss of water by a plant |
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Definition
| F, movement of water and dissolved substances in a plant |
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Term
| water is absorbed by plants in both passive and active means |
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Definition
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Term
| the plant reacting to day length |
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Definition
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Term
| the plant reacting to light |
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Definition
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Term
| meristems are plant tissues in which cells develop new tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Plant growth in length takes place in the cambium |
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Definition
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Term
| In grasses, the meristem is located near the ground |
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Definition
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Term
| roots require water, oxygen and food from the shoots to grow |
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Definition
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Term
| roots can be woody and non-woody |
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Definition
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Term
| the root tip is responsible for increasing root width |
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Definition
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Term
| phloem and xylem are known as vascular tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| grasses have phloem and xylem as a concentric ring |
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Definition
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Term
| in woody plants xylem can be active or inactive |
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Definition
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Term
| tulips, corms and tubers are stems |
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Definition
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Term
| herbaceous plants have a protective epidermis |
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Definition
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Term
| inactive xylem can store food |
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Definition
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Term
| buds can be dormant for a portion of a year or many years |
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Definition
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Term
| buds at the tip can be called lateral buds |
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Definition
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Term
| in compound leaves, buds are not present where the leaf blade attaches to the petiole |
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Definition
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Term
| dioecious plants have the stamen and pistil on separate plants |
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Definition
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Term
| some vegetables are really fruits |
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Definition
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Term
| perennial describes an assortment of plants that are non-woody, but live year after year |
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Definition
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Term
| basic structure, size and form of plant can be used to group or classify plants in very broad terms |
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Definition
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Term
| scientific names are formal and require capitalization of both the genus and species |
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Definition
| F, genus capitalized, species not |
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Term
| photosynthesis happens 24hrs a day and respiration only at night |
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Definition
| F, the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar |
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Term
| plants obtain all of their water and most nutrients from the soil |
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Definition
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Term
| the terms cool season and warm season refer to the temerature conditions most suitable for the plant's growth |
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Definition
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Term
| The three maor soil particles are sand, silt and clay |
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Definition
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Term
| the soil texture can affect the soil drainage |
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Definition
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Term
| orgainic fertilizers are better for the plant because the plants roots absorb the fertilizer better |
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Definition
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Term
| pH scale is based on 1-12 |
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Definition
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Term
| water is the most important environmental factor in establishing plants |
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Definition
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Term
| water infiltration and run-off are affected by the topography and the cover of the landscape site |
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Definition
| T, topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock |
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Term
| pH can affect the soil leaching, fertilizer and irrigation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if a plant is not an annual it must be a perennial |
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Definition
F,
Shrubs
Trees
Perennials
Annuals
Climbers/creepers
Herbs
Palms
Roses
Bulbs
Conifers
Ferns
Cycads
Grasses
Succulents |
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Term
| california soils test to be more acidic than alkaline |
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Definition
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|
Term
| wilting occurs when transpiration of water, is greater than intake of water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mineral concentrations can be so high as to limit or stop water intake by the roothairs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| translocation is the loss of water by a plant |
|
Definition
| F, The movement of water and dissolved substances in a plant |
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|
Term
| water is absorbed by plants in both passive and active means |
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Definition
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|
Term
| photoperiodism is the plant , flowering reacting to day length |
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Definition
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|
Term
| phototropism is the plant reacting to light |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hardiness is the ability of the plant to hold up and be durable |
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Definition
| F, ability to tolerate cold, heat, drought, or wind |
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Term
| if the soil's water level remains at field capacity the plant could die |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the soil texture triangle tells you what is the best soil |
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Definition
| F, tells you % of sand, silt, clay to blend to make loam |
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Term
| soil amendments are used around plants to control weeds |
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Definition
| F, amendments are anything put into the soil to change the physical structure, improves soil by water retntion, air movement, root penetration, improve porosity |
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Term
| fir bark, peat moss and manure are inorganic types of soil amendments |
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Definition
| F, all are organic-come from living source |
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Term
| 1 yard of soil material per 100 sqft will improve the soil 10% |
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Definition
| F, need 1yd per 1000sqft to improve 10% |
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Term
| manganese is a fertilizer for root growth |
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Definition
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|
Term
| pH can affect the soil leaching, fertilizer and irrigation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fertilizer labeling must include company name, guarantee analysis and safety warnings |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a loam soil is made up of sand and clay |
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Definition
| F, 40%sand, 40%silt and 20%clay |
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Term
| botanical names were given to plants to avoid confusion |
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Definition
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Term
| the second botanical name given to a plant is the species |
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Definition
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Term
| most california soils have adequate organic matter already, and therefore need few amendments for good plant growth |
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Definition
| F, alkaline/ clay need alot |
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Term
| clay soils contain more minerals and have greater surface space area than sandy soils |
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Definition
| T, have less surface space |
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Term
| nitrogen movement in ths oil is relatively slow, so replacement of this element is not recommended very often |
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Definition
| F, most important element, leaches out quickly |
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Term
| soil is created primarily from disintegrated and decompossed rocks and organic matter |
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Definition
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Term
| soils with a finer texture hold less water than coarser-textured soils |
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Definition
| F, finer texture drains faster no water holding capability |
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Term
| steer manure makes a good fertilizer for your yard |
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Definition
| F, an amendment, short lived 3-6 months |
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Term
| california soils are considered to be mineral soils because they have less than 10% organic matter |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mineral soils have three general horizons |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the B horizon has the greatest biological activity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the soil triangle is used to show the properties of the soil profile |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sandy soils are called light and clay soils are heavy |
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Definition
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Term
| as soil particles become smaller and smaller the soil has more surface available for chemical reactions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| soil structure refers to the way in which aggregates are arranged |
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Definition
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|
Term
| soil color is a function of the amount of organic matter, parent material and the aeration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| soil depth refers to the vertical distance fro mthe soil surface to a layer that stops the downward growth |
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Definition
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|
Term
| field capacity is the amount of water in a soil when the plant wilts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| plant nutrients are divided into 3 main groups - primary, secondary and micronutrients |
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Definition
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|
Term
| amendments influence plant growth indirectly by improving the soils physical condition |
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Definition
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|
Term
| commercial fertilizers must contain 3% of NPK |
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Definition
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|
Term
| broadcasting, band placement, sidedressing and foliar are all methods of applying fertilizers |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sulfur is used to lower the pH |
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Definition
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|
Term
| compost needs to reach 160deg to kill weed seeds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| there are two different types of composting |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a 4-1 ratio of manure to green materials is ideal for composting |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in composting you should avoid meats, dairy and pet waste as ingredients |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a moisture meter can help you in composting |
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Definition
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|
Term
| turning of compost can speed up the breakdown |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| seed coat, endosperm(food supply), pericarp, embryo |
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|
Term
| parallel, pinnate and palmate all refer to |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a plant which survive from year to year and often, develops woody tissue is referred to as |
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Definition
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|
Term
| stem increase in diameter due to the production of vascular tissue by the |
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Definition
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Term
| water, nutrients and food materials travel up and down the stem in the |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| point where leaf attaches |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| attracts insects with color |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| contains both stamen and pistil |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| opening in the leaf underside |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| root that grows of the stem |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| seed start growing with one leaf |
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Term
|
Definition
| containing both flower parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| seed starts growing with 2 leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| hierarchy of similarities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| leaves across from each other on the stem |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tip or top of the leaf blade |
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Term
|
Definition
| bud located at the leaf and stem |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs water and nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| plants that live several years |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| male and female flower parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| leaf blade divided into several parts |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between taproots and fibrous roots |
|
Definition
taproots-one main root going straight down deep
fibrous roots-fine, smaller roots branching out in many directions |
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Term
| what is the difference between a cold frame and a greenhouse |
|
Definition
greenhouse-temperature controlled by heating /cooling equipment
coldframe-is a covered/enclosed structure that is not temperature controlled by equipment just by the opening and cosing manually or heat from sun penetration, used mainly for frost protection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
one seed leaf, vascular bundle(vacular tissue scattered in stem), flower parts in three's or multiples, leaf venation parallel
ex:grasses, orchids, lilys |
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Term
|
Definition
| two seed leaf, vascular tissues in a circular pattern or joined into a ring, flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples, leaf venation branched, |
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Term
| two environmental challenges to the horticulture industry and why |
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Definition
water consumption-water is becoming harder and more expensive to obtain
water pollution-poor runoff management, non pint source pollution
soil-loss of land and soil quality
waste-air pollution-the pollution in the air is having an effect on leaves and plants |
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|
Term
| a soil that forms a ball when moist is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the relative size of particles that make up soil is expressed by the term |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which one is not a principal component of soil; minerals, organic matter, air or living organisms |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which one of the following soil properties is not a major influence on the infiltration rate of soils; soil micro organisms, texture, structure or organic matter |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| basketball-lots of air, less waterand nutrients(runs right through) roots penetrate, sounds and feels rough |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| baseball-medium air, medium water and nutrients, medium surface area, not too fast or slow |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| be-be-small surface area doesnt allow alot of room for air and water to flow, holds water and nutrients but doesnt drain well, sticky |
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Term
| 3 effects that texture can have on soils and plants |
|
Definition
| water penetration, air penetration, root penetration, nutrient holding capabilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support
hold water
supply air
supply nutrients |
|
|
Term
| difference between indoor and landscape soils |
|
Definition
indoor-media, made of organic(peat moss, spaghum moss, fir bark) and inorganic materials to hold water, air and allow nutrient penetration mainly used in greenhouses and for houseplants
landscape-1/2 air and water, 1/2 minerals and organic matter, 1st 2-12" of soil(outdoor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| seed coat, endosperm(food supply), pericarp, embryo |
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|
Term
| 3 ways that amendments improve the soil |
|
Definition
| water retention/permability, air movement, root penetration |
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Term
|
Definition
| source of nutrients, reduces waste products, increases moisture retention, increases micro-organisms, can improve soil structure, helps keep natures balance |
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|
Term
| difference between hot and cold composting |
|
Definition
hot-constant turning to create and keep highest temperature
cold-just let sit and breakdown on its own, little to no turning of the material |
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|
Term
|
Definition
most important element
promotes rapid, healthy growth
shortage symptoms-stunted growth-pale yellowish color
leaches out quickly
usually applied as pounds of Nitrogen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates early growth/ root formation
promotes seed(flower) formation
most soil contain adequate amounts
does NOT move, apply near plant root zone
symptoms of shortage-
stunted small growth-purplish leave color, poor fruit/seed, spindly stalk |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pot ash-promotes disease resistance/gen health, NOT mobile in soil, most soil have adequate amounts
shortage symptoms-slow growth, weak stalk, scorched leaves(firing or necrosis)(tips and center of leaf) poorly developed root system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inside/outside
bugs on it
watering(how often, how)
describe plant-leaves(soft,mushy or hard,krispy)
soil
temperatures
fertilizer
disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water enters the soil
water and minerals enter the plant from roots
xylem transports the water in the plant
leaves lose water in transpiration
soil loses water from evaporation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
driven by the environment
expressed in Depth Pertime Period
plants use a large amount of water |
|
|
Term
| drought resistant plants protect themselves by many means |
|
Definition
close stomat to keep water inside and not to evaporate
leaf color-grayish, dull
thick cuticle-thicker leaves
small leaves
extensive root systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of water into the soil is called infiltration
determined by soil properties
permeability of soil-sand;high, clay;low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks, porous material, unconsolidate material) to transmit fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
application rate of water-if faster than infiltration=runoff
if too much is added to high draining soils than loss due to deep percolation
(runs through past the roots)
test the soil to se the depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group plants together with similar water needs
design sprinklers to only water those zoned plants
match sprinkler heads with sun/shade environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overwatering is the most common problem with plants
check time clocks for correct settings
clay soil hold more water than sandy
overwatering cost you money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
best watering is deep and infrequent
get water down into the root zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6-12"-vegetables and annuals
12-24"-cool season lawns, shrubs tomatoes
1-5'-shrubs, trees, warm season grasses(water deep to force roots to go down to get water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoid deep percolation
avoid runoff-apply for shorter periods, improve soil structure, reduce slopes
check water systems for problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retail(small indep, home depot, osh, lowes)
wholesale(grows product for retail)
-flowers
-nursery stock
-potted plants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
maintenance(lawns, plantings, irrigation repair)
contractor(installation, c-27)
turf(growing seed and sod, golf course, parks, sports complexs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultivation and management of trees within the landscape |
|
|
Term
| Floral Design occupations |
|
Definition
wholesaler
retail shop
supply company |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sales reps
teaching(high school certified and experience + bachelors)
public parks or gardens
private parks or gardens
governmetn research(apriculture research center-phd, cooperative extension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
manager or owner
production or foreman
sales
general labor
specialty; designer, grafter, pest sprayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water enters the soil, water and minerals enter the plant from roots, xylem transports the water in the plant, leaves lose water in transpiration, soil loses water from evaporation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants use a large amount of water, evapotranspiration(et), Et is driven by the environment, expressed in depth per time period |
|
|
Term
| drought resistant plants, protect themselves by several means |
|
Definition
close stomata-to keep water inside and not to evaporate
leaf color-grayish dull leaf color
thick cuticle(thicker leaves)
small leaves
extensive root systems |
|
|
Term
| wwhat is a pest problemater infiltration |
|
Definition
| movement of water into the soil is called infiltration, determined by soil properties, permeability of soil(sand is high, clay is low) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
application rate of water if faster than infiltration=runoff
if too much is added to high draining soils than loss due to deep percolation, runs through past roots of plants |
|
|
Term
| best management practices |
|
Definition
hydrozone-group plants together with similiar water needs
design sprinklers to only water those zoned plants
match sprinkler heads with sun/shade requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overwatering is the most common problem with plants
check time clocks for correct settings
clay soil hold more water than sandy
overwatering cost you money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
best watering is deep and infrequent
get water down into the root zones
three general groups- 6-12" vegetables and annuals, 12-24" cool season lawns, shrubs, tomatoes, 1-5' shrubs, trees and warm season grass-deep force to go down to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoid deep percolation
avoid runoff, apply for shorter periods, improve soils structure, reduce slopes
check water systems for problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-4" reduces water loss and weeds
amend with products to improve drainage |
|
|
Term
| specific water management |
|
Definition
shallow rooted plants(annuals, veggies, perennials), 1-3 times
trees get water deep, apply slow
trees in lawn need more water
lawns-warm season grasses need 20% less H2O, do not water everyday
overwater can cause runoff, grow healthy lawn |
|
|
Term
| diagnosing plant problems |
|
Definition
pests can be harmful to people and the environment
noxious, destructive, troublesome =pest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major pest, minor pest, secondary pest, occasional pest, potential pest
major causes of crop damage
environment, improper practices, pathogen, invertebrates, weeds, nematodes
horticulture science, entomology, plant pathology, soil and irrigation |
|
|
Term
| steps in diagnosing problems |
|
Definition
Identify plant,
define problem,
collect info,
look for patterns |
|
|
Term
| questioning while diagnosing |
|
Definition
ask effective questions,
narrow down the info: inside/outside plant, bugs on it, watering(how often, how), describe plant(leaves on plant, color, soft mushy, hard krispy-dry, soil, temps, fert
insect/ disease
over time a question pattern will form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remember the client has a problem
the client may blame you even if you had nothing to do with the problem
may not be one problem by itself
explain that you are looking at all possible problems
when finished give possible answer/s |
|
|
Term
| sample collecting while diagnosing |
|
Definition
you may need a sample to take to company
some samples may need to be sent somewhere
make sure you have enough sample |
|
|
Term
| problems in various plants |
|
Definition
start with leaves
then root system
check general growing conditions
check plant for growth-healthy and vigorous(growing well its not water issue), stem scrape(is it alive), soil and light conditions
observe and evaluate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trees and shrubs-people plant to close together
lawns-water related
houseplants-lighting, water
annuals and perennials-bugs, soil
vegetables-bugs
weeds
insects
abiotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: physically harmful or destructive to living beings
, from Latin, from noxa harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the evaporation of water from plants
is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water from parts of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata.[1] Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percolation concerns the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soil permeability is the property of the soil pore system that allows fluid to flow. It is generally the pore sizes and their connectivity that determines whether a soil has high or low permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outmost tissue on the lower side of the leaf; protects the leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outmost tissue on the upper side of the leaf; protects the leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rows of elongated cells in the upper center of leaf; site of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waxy layer on the covering the epidermis; holds in moisture, prevents too much absorption of water |
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| opening between the guard cells; allows for gas exchange and some water |
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| surround the stoma; control the opening and closing of the stoma |
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| supply support for the leaf; contain the xylem and the phloem |
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| irregular shaped cells in lower center of leaf; absorbs gas & some water |
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| space in the spongy layer; contain gases |
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| found in the vein; transports minerals and water from roots to shoots |
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| found in the vein; transports sugar & other products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant |
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| cells in the leaves that contain chlorophyll; trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy |
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| all of the middle tissue of the leaf |
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DOES NOT FERTILIZE
it is mulch or ammendment
provides nutrients to crop as it decomposes by micro-organisms
binds soil particles together so that they resist erosion
improves soil structure which allows water, air and nutrients to move readily to living organisms |
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| soil reaction is the degree of acidity or alkalinity reported in pH units |
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| factors affecting soil pH |
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leaching/irrigation
fertilizer
amendments |
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pH controls nutrients
some require special pH
most landscape plants like 6-7pH, slightly acidic |
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| amounts of salts(nitrogen/phosphorus) |
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organics are carbon based
organics more expensive |
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| magnesium, can you epsum salt |
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| history of sustainability |
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Definition
ag size and methods grew into the 1920s
1945-Rodale founded organic farming
1962-Rachel Carson; pesticides
1980-1990s-debate move back and forth
1990s-sustainability and its form development |
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Definition
philosophy of economic, ecology and sociology
any change would have to make economic sense |
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| sustainability system in which |
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resources are kept in balance
practices prevent environmental damage
production remain at acceptable levels
system wors with socioeconomic realities |
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| threats to the environment |
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Definition
soil problems-loss of land and quality
water consumption
water pollution-non-point source pollution(run off)
pesticides-30%+of pesticides for homes and parks |
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Term
| products of photosynthesis |
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Definition
used immediately in respiration
converted to sucrose for transport
converted to starch(sugars) for shortage |
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| factors that may limit photosynthesis |
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Definition
water availability
concentration of carbon dioxide
light intensity
light quality(wavelength or color)
nutrient availability
temperature
plant physiological state-its health, its maturity and whether or not it is flower
all effect quality of plant |
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