Decrease in estrogen causes an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH), which can result in hot flashes and night sweats

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decrease in the vaginal mucosa; vaginal dryness; burning and painful intercourse

These are vasomoter symptoms

estrogen, which causes a decrease in LH and more stable temperature control. Estrogen improves bone density and has historically been used to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis

black cohosh

red clover

evening primrose

NO! In women with a uterus, estrogen should not be given alone!

To do so will increase the risk of endometrial cancer

CEE plus a synthetic progesterone (medroxyprosterone acetate, or MPA)

A patch.

It is a combo of estradiol and MPA (which is used in women with uterus)

it is produced naturally in (pre-menopausal) women and it was the hormoe from pregnant mares urine that was used in the WH trials

Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding

Active or past breast cancer

Known or suspected estrogen-dependednt cancer

Active or past deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism

Active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction)

Liver dysfunction or disease

Known or suspected pregnancy

bypass first dose metabolism, and lower doses can be used. Topical formulatioins usually causes less nausea and may expose the woman to lower systemic estrogen.

most usefull for patients who have vaginal symptoms (dryness, painful intercourse) only, since these do not expose the woman to risks from systemic estrogen.

These include estrogen vaginal cream or the vaginal ring (Femring)

Due to bypassing the liver, topical formulations do not affect cholesterol levels. Estrogen typically increase TG and increase HDL.

Increasingly, older males are requesting testosterone therapy for puported health claims, including increased muscle mass and bone density, improved sexual interest (increased libido), sharpened memory and concentration, and increased energy. The use of testosterone replacement is controversial in what whay?

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primay risk is whether the use of testosterone increases prostat cancer risk. Testosterone can also increase cholesterol levels and cause liver damage

men with low prostate cancer risk who have a low testosterone level and a related condition, such as low muscle mass. It should not be used routinely for normal aging until the health risk are better quantified.

Another reason for the increase in testosterone prescriptions has been due to the restriction on PDE5 I in the medicare formulary - which led men and their physicians to consider other options

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NO!

So, I assume this includes black men. Also, if one is on a 5-α-reducatase inhibitor for BPH that blocks the conversion of testosterone to its active form it would not make much sense to give another drug that provides testosterone directly

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Yes. To prime AndroGel, fully push down ont he pump 3 times.