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| one of a people or community observing a polytheistic religion |
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| religious leaders and communicators between God and people |
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| story teller, must remember all stories |
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| Leader-follower allegiance |
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| Earliest Anglo-Saxons organized around a feudal lord in clans |
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| Using one item to represent many |
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| Only existing book of Anglo-Saxon literature |
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| an Anglo-Saxon bar/pub, significant because without it we wouldn't have Beowulf |
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| a poem of mourning, of time gone by |
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| King of the Geats for 50 years |
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| Monster defeated by Beowulf, he loses an arm and his head in the battle with Beowulf |
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| Beowulf's successor, he stays with Beowulf to fight the dragon when the rest of his men abandon him, he personifies the Anglo-Saxon code of honor |
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| King of the Danes, calls upon Beowulf to protect Herot from Grendel, reminds Beowulf of his father's debt |
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| Biblical reference in the story of Beowulf and Grendel |
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| In the bible, Cain kills his brother Abel. In Beowulf, that bible story is referenced in comparing Unferth to Cain because he too killed his own brother. Grendel is the son of Cain therefore cursed and punished. |
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| In the fight with the Dragon |
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| A Danish warrior who is jealous of Beowulf. Unferth is unable or unwilling to fight Grendel, thus proving himself inferior to Beowulf. |
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| Beowulf's childhood friend whom he challenges to a swimming race in the ocean. Beowulf has to save Brecca from sea-creatures using the sword he carries on the adventure and the chain mail he swims with. Beowulf still wins the race. |
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| teachings of philosophy, rhetoric, and virtue- "I alone exist" |
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| Analysis of why humans exist and their role in the universe |
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| A belief that nothing is worthwhile and human values are pointless |
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| A distrust of integrity or motives of others and an attitude of scornful or jaded negativity |
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| Philosophy that science is unable to answer every question |
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| An attitude marked by a tendency to doubt what others accept to be true such as religion |
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| Philosophical belief regarding sense-derived knowledge- "Only truth is the evidence I see." |
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| "The body is the prison of the soul"-One must work to represent what is on the inside to change others' physical perception of you |
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| Using clever trickery, amoral methods, and expediency to achieve a goal, especially in politics |
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| An argument or explanation that seems very clever or subtle on the surface but is actually flawed |
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| Grendel-Zodiac connection |
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| 12 chapters represent the 12 months of the year/12 zodiac signs. Begins in the spring and ends in the winter. |
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| Taming of the Shrew- Katherine |
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| The shrew of the play’s title, and the oldest daughter of Baptista Minola and sister of Bianca. Katherine, who is also called Katherina or Kate, is extremely strong-willed. She insists upon saying whatever she thinks and expressing whatever she feels. Her words are abusive and angry, and her actions are often violent. In Shakespeare’s time, women like Katherine were called shrews, and they were strongly disapproved of as the worst possible kind of women. Petruchio undertakes the challenge of taming her, turning her into an obedient and pleasant wife. |
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| A wealthy gentleman from Verona. Loud, boisterous, eccentric, and quick-witted, Petruchio comes to Padua to increase his fortune by marrying rich. All he wants is a bride with an enormous dowry, and Katherine fits the bill. |
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| A wealthy citizen of Padua, and the father of Katherine and Bianca. Though many men want to marry Bianca, Baptista refuses to allow Bianca to marry before Katherine, whom no one wants to marry. Baptista is good-hearted and generous toward his two daughters |
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| The younger daughter of Baptista. The opposite of her sister Katherine, Bianca is soft-spoken, sweet, and unassuming, as well as beautiful. Because of her large dowry and her mild behavior, several men compete for her hand. |
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| A young nobleman from Pisa who comes to Padua to study at the city’s renowned university, but who is immediately sidetracked when he falls in love with Bianca at first sight. Good-natured and intrepid, Lucentio is the most sympathetic of Bianca’s suitors. He disguises himself as a classics instructor named Cambio so he can gain access to Bianca and win her love. |
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| Lucentio’s servant, who accompanies Lucentio from Pisa. Wily and comical, Tranio plays an important part in Lucentio’s charade by pretending to be Lucentio and bargaining with Baptista for Bianca’s hand. |
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| Two older gentlemen of Padua who want to marry Bianca. Although they are rivals, they become allies because of their mutual frustration with and rejection by Bianca. Hortensio is an old friend of Petruchio’s, and he suggests Katherine as a possible wife for Petruchio. He then dresses up as a music instructor to court Bianca. Hortensio and Gremio are both thwarted by Lucentio in their efforts to win Bianca |
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| Petruchio’s servant and the fool of the play. He provides comic relief by pretending to misunderstand Petruchio and getting into ridiculous arguments with him. |
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| Shakespeare's source for The Taming of the Shrew |
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| Shakespeare's source for Macbeth |
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| How did Shakespeare suck up to James I? |
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-made Macbeth his shortest play
-included witchcraft
-Banquo is James I relative |
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| Two connections between James I and Macbeth |
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1. "Twofold balls and treble scepter"
-reference to Jame I double coronation
2. "The evil"
- James I thought he could cure possession with his touch |
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| A Scottish general and the thane of Glamis. Macbeth is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of three witches, especially after their prophecy that he will be made thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a brave soldier and a powerful man, but he is not virtuous. He is easily tempted into murder to fulfill his ambitions to the throne, and once he commits his first crime and is crowned king of Scotland, he embarks on further atrocities with increasing ease. |
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| Macbeth’s wife, a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position. Early in the play she seems to be the stronger and more ruthless of the two, as she urges her husband to kill Duncan and seize the crown. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls victim to guilt and madness to an even greater degree than her husband. Her conscience affects her to such an extent that she eventually commits suicide. |
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| Three mysterious hags who plot mischief against Macbeth using charms, spells, and prophecies. Their predictions prompt him to murder Duncan, to order the deaths of Banquo and his son, and to blindly believe in his own immortality. The play leaves the witches' true nature unclear we don’t really know whether they make their own prophecies come true, or where they get their knowledge from. |
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| The brave, noble general whose children, according to the witches' prophecy, will inherit the Scottish throne. Like Macbeth, Banquo thinks ambitious thoughts, but he does not translate those thoughts into action. In a sense, Banquo’s character stands as a rebuke to Macbeth, since he represents the path Macbeth chose not to take: a path in which ambition need not lead to betrayal and murder |
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| The good king of Scotland whom Macbeth, ambitious for the crown, murders. Duncan is the model of a virtuous, benevolent ruler. His death symbolizes the destruction of an order in Scotland that can be restored only when Duncan’s line, in the person of Malcolm, once more occupies the throne. |
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| A Scottish nobleman hostile to Macbeth’s kingship from the start. He eventually becomes a leader of the crusade to unseat Macbeth. The crusade’s mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also desires vengeance for Macbeth’s murder of Macduff’s wife and young son. |
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| The son of Duncan, whose restoration to the throne signals Scotland’s return to order following Macbeth’s reign of terror. Malcolm becomes a serious challenge to Macbeth with Macduff’s aid (and the support of England). Prior to this, he appears weak and uncertain of his own power, as when he and Donalbain flee Scotland after their father’s murder |
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| The goddess of witchcraft, who helps the three witches work their mischief on Macbeth. |
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| Banquo’s son, who survives Macbeth’s attempt to murder him. At the end of the play, Fleance’s whereabouts are unknown. Presumably, he may come to rule Scotland, fulfilling the witches' prophecy that Banquo’s sons will sit on the Scottish throne |
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| Duncan’s son and Malcolm’s younger brother. |
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| Where did the sonnet originate and by whom? What is the Italian meaning? |
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| Italy by Petrarch-"little song" |
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| Who introduced the sonnet into English lit.? |
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| a poem addressing an absent party |
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| a source of artistic inspiration |
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| a comparison of love and something else |
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| a shift in the poem that changes it |
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| Shakespeare's sonnet sequences |
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1-126: the fair youth
78-86: The Rival Poet(Marlowe?)
127-152: The Dark Lady
153-154: Classic Greek Interpretations |
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| Spenser's sonnet sequence |
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Amoretti (The Heart Shaped Book)
86 sonnets for his love |
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| Sir Thomas Wyatt's sonnet sequence |
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The Egerton Manuscript
-about Anne Boleyn |
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| Sir Philip Sydney's sonnet sequence |
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Astrophel and Stella(Star Lover and Star)
108 sonnets, 11 songs
about Penelope Devereux |
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| John Donne's sonnet sequence |
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Holy Sonnets(Divine Meditations)
about his wife Anne Moore |
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| Michael Drayton's sonnet sequence |
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Ideas Mirrour
muses: Mary Herbert/Anne(Sir Henry's daughter) |
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| Samuel Daniel's sonnet sequence |
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| Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet |
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Octave-8 lines (abbaabba or abababab)
Volta-turn
Sestet-six lines (cdecde or cdcdcd) |
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3 Quatrains-4 lines (abab cdcd efef)
couplet-2 lines (gg) |
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| English/Shakespearean sonnet developed by ? |
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| the Earl of Surrey and Henry Howard |
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3 quatrains-4 lines (abab bcbc cdcd)
couplet- 2 lines (ee) |
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