Name the layers of the Earth.

Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

Inner Core

Continental crust 10-70km

Oceanic crust 5-7km

Mantle 2900km

Core 6306km

Lithosphere

Aesthenosphere

Mesosphere

Outer Core

Inner Core

Crust: Rocky

Mantle: Plastic:

Mg – Magnesium, Fe – Iron, Al – Aluminum, Si – Silicon, O - Oxygen

Core: Liquid:

Fe – Iron, S – Sulfur

Inner Core:

Solid: -Fe – Iron

Within the Earth, irregular convection cells within the mantle transfer heat from the core to the surface of the planet.

Physical Weathering  - disintegration of rocks and minerals by a physical or mechanical process.

Chemical Weathering - chemical alteration or decomposition of rocks and minerals.

When iron rich minerals oxidize, they produce the familiar red color found in rust.

How is karst topography formed? 

What causes the geological process, occurring over thousands of years, resulting in unusual surface and underground features ranging from sinkholes, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs, to complex underground drainage systems and caves.

Limestone is primarily solid CaCO3 . All types of limestone begin with dissolved calcium carbonate, CaCO3, which is contained in most fresh water and in sea water.

 Limestone Slowly Dissolves in Rain

Primary force is gravity, but gravity

acts in concert with running water.

The movement of weathered

material from the site of weathering.

Primary force is gravity, but gravity acts

 in concert with running water.

Relative Dating

and

Absolute Dating

•Law of Superposition- states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older that the one above it and younger than the one below it.

Radiometric dating- is based on the constant rate of decay of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials are isotopes that are unstable; the radioactivity refers to the particles and energy released by these materials as they revert to stable isotopes

Igneous and Metamophic melting makes magma

Magma cooling makes Igneous Rock

Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks weathering and erosion make sediments

Sediments, when compacted, make Sedimentary Rock

Igneous and Sedimentary rocks when faced with heat and pressure make Metamorphic Rock

Convergent

Plates move towards each other

Divergent

Plates move away from each other

Transform Boundaries

Plates move past each other

Oceanic Plates collide with continental plates

Continental Plates collide with other continental plates

Ocean Plates collide with other ocean plates

Ocean crust dips below continental (SUBDUCTION) due to the difference in density.

Effects = Trenches and Volcanic Arc

1. New Crust

2. crust becomes wider

3. shallow earthquakes

4. extrusive volcanism

5. mid-ocean ridge system

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY Interaction

(This type of boundary is often associated with earthquakes.)

1. Add plants and vegetation to the seashore banks.

2.  Reduce usage of beaches

3. Move sand fro the ocean and place it back at the shoreline to improve sand dune stability.

What are the process that create and destroy Earth's crustal material. 

Explain.

1.  Subduction - destroys the material

2.  Volcanic Lava Cooling - Creates

3.  Ocean Floor Spreading - Creates

Where would the earth's crust be the oldest?

The newest?

1. Continental shelf

2. Continental Slope

3. Mid ocean ridge

4. Volcano

5.trench

6.sea mount

7. abyssal plain

1. 78% Nitorgen

2. 21% Oxygen

3. 1% Other

Which gases are most important to living organisms?

and why?

Nitrogen:  We need as protein which are made of amino acids for all living things. 

Carbon Dioxide:  We breath out CO2 and Plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis. 

Oxygen:  Plants make oxygen and we breath in oxygen. This makes us different from all other planets.

What is the water cycle?

What is the energy source of the water cycle?

The movement of earths water through earth.

The energy source is the sun.

1. Burning off fossile fuels

2. Respiration

3. Deforestation (cutting down trees)

4. Volcanoes

1.  Dissolving in oceans

2. photosynthesis

3. buried in Earth-fossil fuels are made

What happens to the atmospheric temp when carbon dioxide increases?

Decreases?

gets warmer

gets cooler

(greenhouse effect...)

 Differences in density due to:

1. Temperature (colder is more dense)

2. Salinity (more salt is more dense)

Dense water from the poles sink down to the bottom.

Less dense, warm water stays on top.

1. Convection:  The transfer of heat by the movement fluid

2. Conduction:  The transfer of heat through matter by direct contact.  Energy is transferred by collision of one molecule to another.

3. Radiation:The transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic waves.

Conduction:  Energy is transferred by direct contact like a Hot spoon because in boiling water.

Convection:  Energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules like  circulation of hot and cool air in atmosphere

Radiation:  Energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation like feeling warmth of fire.

1. Radiation: Energy moves from sun through space to earth. Some is absorbed or flected in our atmosphere.

2. Conduction:  Heat from the earth is transfererred to the air above it.

3.  Convection:  WArm air rising in the atmosphere and cool air sinking.

1.  As water evaporates, it becomes part of the atmosphere

2. water vapor and cloud formation can influence the heating of the atmosphere

3.  the water cycle.

Give several examples of interactions between the atmosphere and  biosphere:

1.  Photosynthesis and respoiration can change the gases in the atmosphere

2.  human activity add CO2 to atmosphere

3. Weather (expecially severe) has an effect on living things

4. the carbon cycle

1. The earth directly heats the atmosphere

2. Volcanic eruptions can add material and gases to the atmosphere

3. weather from atmosphere can affect the land surface by weathering and erosion

What are the names of the layers of atmosphere elevations?

What are the temperature ranges of each?

Thermosphere Hottest

Mesosphere coldest

Stratosphere ozone layer

Troposphere weather

Unequal heating of land and sea cause pressure differences and can cause large amounts of precipitation (monsoons) during the summer months.  This happens over Asia and to a lesser extent North Am.  Since the southern hemisphere has less landmass these weather patterns do not occur.  The southern hemisphere actually allows wind and ocean currents to travel continuously around the globe. this does not happen in the Northern Hemisphere due to the continents.

If the earth wasn't rotation, the global winds would be very simple.  They would rise at the equator and move toward the poles in a straight line.

Since the Earth rotates the winds follow a much different pattern.  The rotation causes the Coriolis Effect which deflects the winds from their original path.  This causes the winds to curve.

!. Tropical - warm air masses with a low pressure.

2. Polar - cold, air masses with high pressure.

3. Maritime - form over the ocean and are very humid

4. Continental - form over land and are dry.

Lift in the atmosphere

Low pressure systems

Frontal boundries

Latitude - the closer to the equator that you are located, the warmer the climate.

Elevation (altitude): As you rise higher in the troposphere temperature decreases.

Geographic Location:  Areas near large bodies of water have a much smaller range of temperature than those located within a continent.

Problem statement defines the problem that scientists are trying to solve.

A hypothesis is what scientists predict to be the outcome of an experiment.

Independent (test) variable is what is changed

Dependent (outcome) variable is what is measured

Data that is reliable is accurate and makes sense.  More than one trial shows that the data is correct.

Data that is replicable is able to be obtained in multiple trials.  This can be done more than once correctly.

Models allow us to study and experiment on things that we may not otherwise be able to.

Eamples: 

1. earth-sun-moon systems

2. model of the sun

3. center of the earth

Both have evicence to back them up, however a law has been proven beyond a shadow of a doubt

Spring Tide:  When the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined. At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low.

Neap Tide:  During the moon's quarter phases, the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the bulges to cancel each other.  The result is a smaller difference between high and low tides.