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| Sheriff of Selma, brutally resisted protesters on Edmund Pettis bridge on Bloody Sunday; spent time in prison |
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| federal judge who allowed protesters to march from Selma to Montgomery |
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| influenced people to march on Bloody Sunday |
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| mayor of Selma from 1965 to 2000, minus two years. got re-elected despite saying "i am a segregationist," by giving some concessions to African Americans. also, two african american candidates split the black vote + although black people now had the right to vote, they were neither encouraged nor accustomed to |
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| influenced MLK Jr. to adopt philosophy of passive resistance (letter from a Birmingham Jail) |
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| Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee; younger & more militant. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: MLK Jr. + older, more moderate |
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| Gov. George Wallace's response to state troopers |
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| reverend from Missouri who came to Selma to join the march. was killed by a segregationist, who was tried & acquitted. President Johnson sent a letter of apology to the Reeves family |
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| AL had the highest proportion of african americans as state troopers |
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| black man that Joe Smitherman appointed to be Selma's first black chief of police |
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| equal protection clause + due process clause |
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| 14th amendment; no state within its borders shall deny a citizen equal protection |
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| due process= fairness in Gideon case. Plessy reversed 58 years later by Brown |
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| established separate but equal doctrine & legalized segregation; 7-1 vote, only dissenter was southerner John Harlin who said that our constitution is color blind |
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| only dissenter in Plessy v. Ferguson (which established separate but equal clause); said "our constitution is colorblind" |
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| black migration to the north in the 1920s |
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| looking for better jobs, better pay, & freedom from segregation; largest internal migration of people |
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| black man not admitted to Missouri's law school, but state says that if he is accepted to a neighboring state's law school, MO will pay his tuition. SC ruled this a violation of equal protection clause? |
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| 1957 black man refused admission to law school in Texas. white law school is big & offers lots of electives, but black law school is small--> could have maintained segregation by making the facilities more equal |
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| black man admitted to OU, but forced to sit in the back of his classes & in a specified part of the library & cafeteria--> violation of opportunity |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| substantial inequality between schools, shown by psychological tests (Louis Brandeis briefs) to be unequal; UNANIMOUS supreme court decision to reverse plessy v. ferguson decision; created massive resistance to integration in the south |
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| opposition to Brown v. Board of Education signed by almost every major southern politician, advising constituents to defy brown decision |
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| less violent, classier KKK. AL headquarters were in Selma. |
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| paratroopers sent in to regulate integration compliance, first time since reconstruction period |
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| George Wallace stood in the doorway |
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| University of Mississippi |
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| proposed fix for de facto segregation that didn't work; caucasians moved to suburbs in response |
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| segregation in schools as a result of housing patterns. inner city schools were mostly black as a result of income |
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| advantage of de facto segregation |
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| more african americans elected to city positions |
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| segregation implemented by law |
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| dealt with public accommodations like hotels & restaurants |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| made it easier for minorities to get the right to vote |
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| controversial program that creates preference for minorities/ people who have not often been found in the position they are trying to get; factors include race, age, & gender |
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| in CA, a young caucasian man was denied admission to medical school but minorities were admitted b/c of school's quotas for minorites. he argued that this was racial discrimination & SC responded that public institutions could not use %age based quotas, but could use information from a person's background (race, age, gender) as a reason for hiring them. the flexibility of this system generally raises the %age of minorities in public institutions |
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| similar to Bakke, but with private institutions (private aluminum production business). ruled that private institutions have the option of having %age based quotas but are not required to; in this, private institutions have more freedom than public ones |
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| AL wanted to use a quota system to recruit african americans to the state police force; SC defied stare decisis & ruled that they could. result: AL has the highest proportion of black state troopers (28%) |
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| in-school prayer declared illegal |
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| 1st amendment (2 major clauses) |
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| free exercise clause + establishment clause |
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| the gov. shall not interfere with the free exercise of religion (but they did in the case of polygamy) |
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| the gov. shall not establish any one religion (much more controversial of the 2 clauses, much more debated in SC) |
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| children ride public buses to private school (like kids going to public school do) & gov. reimburses parents. SC rules that this is not too much aid, b/c the kids would benefit from police protection if they walked to school |
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| kids released early from school to go to another facility for religious education; SC rules that this is not too much aid b/c it is not on public property |
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| religious teacher comes on public campus but attendance is not required. SC rules it illegal b/c it is on public property |
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| ruled that teachers assigning bible reading was illegal |
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| ruled that teachers could not lead their students in prayer |
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| AL's moment of silence law ruled illegal b/c legislative history showed that intention of law was to bypass SC ruling that prayer shouldn't be legal in schools |
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| proposed piece of legislation |
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| what bills to people tend to pay attention to? |
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| anyone, but they are typically written by popular pressure groups |
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| who can introduce a bill? |
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only legislators can introduce bills
**appropriation bills have to be introduced in the house |
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| what is important to note about appropriation bills? |
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| they have to start in the house of representatives |
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| what are the roles of a congressional committee? |
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| where decisions are made about the future of a bill; often, a bill is shelved/ "dies in committee"; amendments are often made in committee |
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| a change/amendment to a bill, usually made in committee |
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| what happens to most bills in congress? |
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| what is the significance of the house rules committee? |
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| traffic cop of legislative process. must act on a bill before it can be voted on. sets time for debate on a bill + open/closed rule |
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| amendments can be made to the bill on the floor |
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| amendments cannot be made on the floor; bill must be voted on as is |
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| what happens to a bill when it goes to the senate? |
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| bill goes to head of senate & then to committee; a bill can be debated forever in senate (filibustering) |
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