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| Where is the Afar Triangle? |
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| Where are Olduvai and Laetoli |
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| Where is the Djurab Desert |
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| Where are Taung, Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, Drimolen, Malapa |
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| What was the earliest Hominin? |
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Definition
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Term
| Describe Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
| (Central Africa) 6-7 million years old. Remains: A single nearly complete skull and some jaws and teeth; Brain size: about 360cc; Features: small canine teeth, a mix of primitive ape-like features and derived human-like features. Reconstruction of skull done by discovery team indicates bipedalism. |
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| Who discovered Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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| Who discovered Orrorin tugenensis |
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Definition
| Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut. |
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| Describe Orrorin tugenensis |
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Definition
| (East Africa): about 6 million years old. Remains: Tantalizing jaws, teeth, and limb bones. Evidence for bipedality in the limbs (particularly in the well-preserved femora). |
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| Describe Ardipithecus kadabba |
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Definition
| (East Africa): 5.8 – 5.2 million years old. Remains: Fragmentary teeth and bones that are similar to Ardipithecus ramidus. Significant at the moment because of the dates. |
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| Describe Ardipithecus ramidus |
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Definition
| (East Africa): 4.4 million years old. Remains: lots of fragmentary remains from several individuals and one female skeleton ~50% complete (nicknamed “Ardi”). Features: small canine teeth (compared to modern great apes), thin molar enamel, partly splayed big toe, small head, lack of sexual dimorphism, possibly bipedal but with a large, grasping big toe. Currently a lot of debate about the biology, anatomy, and exact relation of this species to other hominins. Tim White |
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| Australopithecus afarensis |
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| Where were the Laetoli foot prints found, and what species? |
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| Salem, Australopithecus afarensis |
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| Describe Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| (East Africa): 3.7 – 2.9 million years, small brain (450 cc), abundant remains, projecting (prognathic) face, large canines (but loss of “hone”), clearly bipedal but not as efficient as today, curved fingers and toes, long arms (also climbed trees). |
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| Who discovered Australopithecus afarensis |
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| Describe Australopithecus africanus |
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| (South Africa): 3.2 – 2.2 million years, Taung child was first discovery, more rounded skull than A. afarensis, brain size 400 to 450 cc, smaller canines, skeleton similar to A. afarensis. |
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| Describe Paranthropus sediba |
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Definition
| (South Africa): 1.97 million years, brain size 450cc, prognathic lower face. Smaller teeth and mandible. Lee Berger. |
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| Describe Paranthropus boisei |
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Definition
| (East Africa): 2.3 – 1.2 million years, dished face, sagittal crest, very strong sexual dimorphism, visor-like cheek bones, brain size 450 – 550 cc, very small incisors and canines, huge molar teeth, large jaws, hard and tough objects, skeleton like A. afarensis. |
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| Who discovered Paranthropus boisei |
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Definition
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| Describe Paranthropus robustus |
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Definition
| (South Africa): 2.0 – 1.5 million years, similar to P. boisei, but not quite as robust – possible southern variant. Robert Broom. |
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Term
| What is osteodontokeratic culture? |
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Definition
| The idea that tool use was around longer than we thought, they just used tools that didn't preserve like bone, wood, etc. |
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| What are some Early Homo Trends |
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Definition
| brain enlargement, acquisition of culture, reduction in emphasis on chewing for food preparation, improvement of bipedal gait. |
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Definition
| smaller brain, earlier in time, 2-rooted premolars, occipital enlargement. “handy man” or twiggy. |
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| Describe Homo rudolfensis |
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Definition
| larger brain, later in time, weak/no supraorbital torus (brow ridge), wide face, 3-rooted premolars, hindfoot and leg more modern-looking than H. habilis. |
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| Facts about Homo habilis and rudolfensis |
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Definition
East and South Africa, 2.4 – 1.6 million years, brain size: 650 – 750 cc, sharp nasal margins, reduced post-orbital constriction, thin brow ridges, wide cranial base, reduced facial prognathism, strong opposable thumb, still have longer arms that modern humans.
Culture: First proposed is "osteodontokeratic" culture from South Africa, but probably not the result of hominin activity. First undisputed culture is "Olduwan" named because it was first found in Olduvai Gorge. Associated with earliest Homo. Olduwan tools are sharp flakes knocked off a rock “core” – instant pen-knife! Cut marks on bone demonstrate that flakes were used to cut meat. Hunting or scavenging? |
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| When do the first stone tools appear? |
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| Who was the first to leave Africa? |
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| What is Homo erectus pretty much the same as |
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Definition
| Large brain (average 860 cc in Indonesia, 1040 in Chinese specimens – 900 cc for all specimens combined), but body size increases as well (brain size relative to body size is similar to early Homo!); prominent brow ridges, large nose, angled occipital region with bun, low cranial vault, sagittal "keel", bell-shaped cranium, no chin, jaws and teeth larger than modern humans’, femur with large head, short neck (opposite australopithecines), narrow vertebral canal in thorax (lack of speech?), 6 lumbar vertebrae, narrow pelvis (altrical young?), average height 5 foot 6 inches, average weight about 128 lbs – tall and thin (specimens in different regions conform to Bergmann's and Allen's rules), limb proportions same as in modern humans (postcrania are basically modern in form—biggest differences from us are in crania), thick bones (heavy "loading"). |
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| What tools came after Olduwan tools |
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| characterized by teardrop-shaped hand axes. Movius line. Earliest hand axes are 1.7 million years old. Tools tend to be worked in both sides. Acheulean lasts until about 200,000 years ago – replaced by "Middle Paleolithic" culture. |
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| Multiregionalism vs Replacement/Out of Africa |
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| Describe Homo heidelbergensis |
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| Found throughout the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) from about 600,000 – 200,000 years ago. Highly variable species with a mix of erectine and sapiens characteristics. Homo erectus-like features: large brow ridges, broad cranial base, thick cranial walls, large (chinless) jaw with teeth larger than ours. Homo sapiens-like features: larger brain (>1000 cc), rounded occipital region, expanded parietal bones, expanded frontal bone (more of a forehead), arched brow ridges (not the flatter variety that H. erectus sports). Also occurs later in time (closer to the appearance of anatomically modern humans). Later individual are harder to distinguish from H. erectus and more recent ones from Neanderthals in Europe and Modern humans in Africa. Transitional species. |
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| When Homo heidelbergensis |
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| 600,000 – 200,000 years ago. |
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| Describe Homo Neanderthals |
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Definition
Many good specimens, but geographically restricted to Europe and the Middle East—lived from about 130,000 to about 30,000 years ago. First description was of La Chapelle aux Saints – arthritic old man, gave impression of stooped, hairy, violent brute. Not true! Neandertal features:
long, thin-walled brain case, average brain size 1520 cc (average in modern humans is 1350 cc), low forehead, occipital bun, arched brow ridges, prognathic face with no "canine fossa" (thus forming a smooth contoured cheek bone), large nasal aperture (big nose!), large molar teeth, thick robust skeleton – short and stocky – pelvis larger (big headed babies). Cold adapted species. |
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| What tools do Neandertals use levallois? |
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