Term
| __________ is the process trough which a nearby stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) The process trough which a nearby stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency. |
|
|
Term
| Is homeostasis a static or dynamic process? What does this mean? |
|
Definition
1) Dynamic
2A) Experiences physiological variable functions
2B) Does not remain constant
2C) Balance does not mean unchanging |
|
|
Term
| In order to maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to do what three things? |
|
Definition
1) Detect deviations from the normal in the internal environment which need to be held within narrow limits
2) Integrate this information with other relevant information
3) Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore factor to desired value |
|
|
Term
| Who were two of the founding fathers of physiology? |
|
Definition
1) Claude Bernard
2) Walter Bradford Cannon |
|
|
Term
| The body has a "__________" resting point of physiological equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is defined as maintenance of a relatively stable environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is essential for survival and function of all cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Each cell contributes to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
1) Interstitial fluid
2) Plasma |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells) |
|
Definition
| 1) Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
| 1) A fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells). Components include plasma and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is fluid contained within all the body cells. |
|
Definition
| 1) Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
|
Term
| Water composes __________ of the body weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intracellular fluid volume composes __________ of total body water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extracellular fluid volume composes __________ of total body water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid volume composes __________ of extracellular volume; __________ of total body water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma fluid volume composes __________ of extracellular volume; __________ of total body water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Body water varies with age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bodies of newborns are composed of __________ water; at age 1 they are composed of __________ water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distribution of fluid between __________ and __________ __________ is determined by forces across the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
1) Plasma
2) Interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| The distribution of fluid between the intracellular and extracellular fluid is determined mainly by __________ __________ of solutes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Control systems are grouped into two classes:
-__________ __________ are local controls that are inherent in an organ
-__________ __________ are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ which are accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intrinsic controls? |
|
Definition
| 1) Local controls that are inherent in an organ |
|
|
Term
| What are extrinsic controls? |
|
Definition
1) Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
2) They are accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| What body systems exhibit extrinsic controls? |
|
Definition
1) Nervous system
2) Endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| The homeostatic __________ __________ fluctuates within a predictable range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ refers to responses made after changes have been detected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two type of feedback systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is feedforward regulation? |
|
Definition
| 1) Responses made in anticipation of a change |
|
|
Term
| Which feedback system / responses are the most common under homeostatic control? What is the systems primary function? |
|
Definition
1) Negative feedback system
2) Opposites initial change |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of a negative feedback system? What are their roles? |
|
Definition
1) Sensor - Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable
2) Control center - Compares sensor's input with a set point
3) Effector - Makes a response to produce a desired effect |
|
|
Term
| Which feedback system amplifies initial change? |
|
Definition
| 1) Positive feedback system |
|
|
Term
| __________ feedback systems / responses are not common in homeostatic control mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of positive feedback mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1) Uterine contractions become increasingly stronger until the birth of a baby
2) Clotting occurs in response to a break or tear in a blood vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| __________ is essential for the survival of __________ which make up __________ __________ which maintain __________ |
|
Definition
1) Homeostasis
2) Cells
3) Body systems
4) Homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| What are seven components of the human body that are maintained by homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Concentration of nutrient molecules
2) Concentration of O2 and CO2
3) Concentration of waste products
4) pH
5) Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
6) Volume and pressure
7) Temperature |
|
|
Term
| How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses
2) Detect and initiate reactions to changes in external environment |
|
|
Term
| How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Secreting glands regulate activities that require duration rather than speed
2) Controls concentration of nutrients, and, through adjusting kidney function, controls internal environment's volume and electrolyte consumption |
|
|
Term
| How does the circulatory system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| 1) Carries materials from one part of the body to another |
|
|
Term
| How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells
2) Transfers water and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment
3) Eliminated undigested food residues to external environment in the feces |
|
|
Term
| How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Receives O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
2) Plays important role in maintaining proper pH of internal environment |
|
|
Term
| How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| 1) Removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in the urine |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the complexity of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system. |
|
Definition
1) The nervous system is more structurally complex; can integrate vast amounts of information and stimulate a wide range of responses
2) The endocrine system is less structurally complex; evolved from the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the structure of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
1) The nervous system contains a system of neurons that branch throughout the body
2) The endocrine system contains endocrine glands which secrete hormones into the blood stream where they are carried to the target organ |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the communication of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
1) The nervous system possesses neurons that conduct electrical signals directly to and from specific targets; allows fine point control; transmission is hormonal
2) The endocrine system use hormones which circulate as chemical messengers via the bloodstream; most cells are exposed but only target cells with receptors respond |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the response time of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
1) The nervous system has a fast transmission of nerve impulses up to 100m/sec
2) The endocrine system may take minutes, hours, or days for hormones to be produced, diffuse to the target organ, and for a response to occur |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the effect of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
1) The nervous system acts at the cellular level with immediate and short-lived action
2) The endocrine system acts at the cellular level with long-lived and timely responses |
|
|
Term
| How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs
2) Serves as storage reservoir for calcium
3) Along with muscular system, enables movement of body and its parts
4) Bone marrow is the ultimate source of cells |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the ultimate source of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Serves as outer protective barrier
2) Important in regulating body temperature |
|
|
Term
| How does the immune system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) Defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous
2) Paves way for repairing or replacing injured or worn-out cells |
|
|
Term
| How does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1) The reproductive system is not essential for homeostasis (not essential for survival of individual)
2) Is essential for perpetuating the species |
|
|
Term
| Which body system controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system detects and initiates reactions to changes in the external environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system has glands which regulate activities that require duration rather than speed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system controls the concentration of nutrients and, through adjusting kidney function, control the internal environment's volume and electrolyte composition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system carries materials from one part of the body to another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system transfers water and electrolytes from the external environment to the internal environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system eliminates undigested food residues to the external environment in the feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system acquires O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system is important in maintenance of proper pH of internal environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system serves as a storage reservoir for calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system (along with the muscular system) enables movement of the body and its parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system is responsible for moving the bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system serves as an outer protective barrier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system is important in regulating body temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system paves the way for repairing and replacing injured or worn-out cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body system is not essential for homeostasis, and perpetuates the species forward? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What complications can arise with disruptions in homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is abnormal functions of the body associated with disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Abnormal functions of the body associated with disease |
|
|
Term
| Who is regarded as "the father of stress"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Stress is a "natural" process like aging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress "responses" occur for both __________ and __________ situations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ is that which produces stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main observations Selye noticed when subjecting animals to stress experiments? |
|
Definition
1) Enlargement of adrenal gland's cortex
2) Shrinking or atrophy of thymus, spleen, and lymphatic structures
3) Bleeding stomach and duodenum ulcers |
|
|
Term
| What is the general adaptation syndrome? |
|
Definition
1) States there are three stages of response to stressors:
-Alarm reaction
-Resistance and adaptation
-Exhaustion and collapse |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the common homeostatic responses to stress? |
|
Definition
1) Heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating rise
2) Levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids rise
3) Energy to resources is mobilized
4) Blood flow to extremities and visceral organs is decreased |
|
|
Term
| What is exhaustion? How does it occur? What are the negative consequences of exhaustion? What was the extreme result in Selye's experiments? |
|
Definition
1) Exhaustion is the result of prolonged stress for an overextended period of time
2) Exhaustion results in an organism's physiological system and organs collapsing and becoming dysfunctional
3) The extreme result was death |
|
|
Term
| What stress-related disease can occur in humans? |
|
Definition
| 1) CHD/CVD, hypetension, ulcers, immune system disorders, colds, flu, musculoskeletal and muscle disorders |
|
|
Term
| What are four roles of the physiological stress response? |
|
Definition
1) Mobilize the bodies fuel reserves
2) Convert fuel to forms suitable for transportation and use
3) Increase O2 delivery to locations that need it for behavioral response
4) Shut down unnecessary energy usage |
|
|
Term
| What are the major regulators of the stress response? |
|
Definition
1) Hypothalamus
2) Hippocamupus
3) Amygdala
4) Hindbrain (medulla oblongata) |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with short-term stress response? What homeostatic responses do they initiate in the body? |
|
Definition
1) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
2A) Glycogen is broken down to glucose; this increases blood glucose
2B) Blood pressure increases
2C) Breathing rate increases
2D) Metabolic rate increases
2E) A change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activitiy |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of mineralocorticoids on long-term stress response? |
|
Definition
1) Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
2) Increased blood volume and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of glucocorticoids on long-term stress response? |
|
Definition
1) Proteins and fats are broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
2) Immune system may be surpressed |
|
|
