Term
| The science of how humans and other animals function in an integrated way and is the basis for many biological and clinical sciences. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of physiology |
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Definition
| Foundation upon which we build our knowledge of what "life" is, how to treat disease, and how to cope with stresses imposed upon our bodies by new environments |
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Term
| How can the study of physiology benefit your clinical practice? |
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Definition
| Physiological studies of normal biological function provide the basis for understanding the abnormal function seen in animal and human disease (pathophysiology) and for developing new methods for treating those diseases (translational research) |
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Term
| The basic unit of living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
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Term
| Water makes up about __% total body weight in a normal adult male. |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the fluid outside of the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The fluid inside the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in the blood and spaces surrounding the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Makes up 1/3 of total body water |
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Definition
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Term
| High Na+ and low K+ concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| Makes up 2/3 of total body water |
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Definition
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Term
| low Na+, high K+ concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the water come from when you are dehydrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 divisions of extracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| The fluid portion of the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma makes up __% of extracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| The fluid surrounding the cells (within or between tissues) |
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Definition
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Term
| Interstitial fluid makes up ___% of extracelluar fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| ECF or ICF: which one has a high Na+ concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| ECF or ICF: Which one has a high K+ concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is so dangerous about dehydration? |
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Definition
| Since the water is coming out of the cells, it can kill them |
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Term
| Property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates it internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give 3 examples of homeostasis within our body? |
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Definition
Body temperature
pH
Electrolytes |
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Term
| Most of the common physiological variables of the body are maintained within a ___ range |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of feedback system? |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in the variable being regulated causes responses that move the variable in a direction opposite of the original change |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in the variable condition causes response that accelerates the original change |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for a sensing mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensing mechanism detects a change in a condition beyond specific limits; control center or integratory (usually brain) evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism (an effector) to correct the condition. When the control center determines that conditions have returned to normal, corrective action is discontinued. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is temperature control an example of negative feedback |
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Definition
| Body temperature is lowered. Receptor tells the control center. The control center activates the receptor. The effector raises the body temperature |
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Term
| Name 2 body systems that are controlled by negative feedback |
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Definition
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Term
| When talking about the negative feedback mechanism, what would be receptor be for high BP in the common carotid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| By what pathway does the common carotid send the signal that there is high BP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the control center in the CN 9 pathway in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is regulation of glucose concentration of the blood negative or positive feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| After a meal, absorption of food __ glucose in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pancreas secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin triggers the liver and muscle cells to ___ glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once glucose levels decrease after a meal to normal, insulin secretion does what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose levels decrease for other reasons (msucle use of glucose during exercise) the pancrease secretes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucagon stimulates the liver to released stored ___ in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose levels return to normal, __ secretion stops. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can negative feedback occur at the molecular, cellular, and organ level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more common, negative or positive feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of positive feedback occurring in the body? |
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Definition
| Childbirth and the release of oxytocin |
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Term
| During childbirth, the body releases oxytocin with contractions that __ more contractions |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ feedback stops the change, while ___ feedback accelerates the change. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of Resetting of Set Points in our body? |
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Definition
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Term
| The adaptive capability of homeostatic systems that allows the body to change set points as needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fever is a common example of a resetting of set point to a higher value in order to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Senses a change in anticipation |
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Definition
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Term
| Use of internal or external detectors (cues) to stimulate changes in anticipation of changes in regulated variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of feedforward regulation |
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Definition
| The smell of food triggers salivary glands and gastric glands to secrete enzymes in preparation for digestion before the body has received food. |
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Term
| How can feedforward regulation be involved in learning? |
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Definition
| Cues of fear produce an increase in adrenaline before a threat is imminent |
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Term
| Increases the efficiency of homeostasis and response mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system does lots of feedforward regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system is mainly negative feeback? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 intercellular chemical messengers |
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Definition
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine |
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Term
| Where a cell in a tissue releases an enzyme and it diffuses over to effect the next cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effecting something locally, not traveling long distances |
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Definition
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Term
| Whatever this cell releases, comes back onto itself. |
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Definition
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Term
| Has a phospholipid bilayer with fatty acids to the inside. Embedded within are proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arranged to be certain types of receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Dense proteins anchored within cell membranes. Have appendages that link cells together (cadherins). They allow ECF to move freely in and out of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where 2 adjacent cells are fused. There is no passage in or out of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the interior of the proteins are connected. There is a pore between the cells. The cells can communicate with each other rapidly. This is good because if you change 1 cell, then you immediately change all cells that it is connected to as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is diffusion dependent on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 ways in which diffusion can occur |
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Definition
Through the lipid bilayer
Through protein channels (ions) |
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Term
| Movement of fluids across membranes (3) |
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Definition
Diffusion
Mediated Transport Systems
Osmosis |
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Term
| Types of molecules that can diffuse right across the membrane, through the lipid bilayer |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 common ions that diffuse through protein channels |
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Definition
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Term
| Cannot diffuse right across the membrane because of their polar heads, they are electrically charged. They diffuse based on concentration gradients. So they must use what to diffuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Takes advantage of concentration gradients but they DO require energy or something to help them (carrier molecule) |
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Definition
| Mediated Transport Systems |
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Term
| The type of transport where you must have some type of energy to help |
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Definition
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Term
| Where ATP provides the energy for the movement |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of transport does not use ATP. It used an ion electrochemical gradient to move |
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Definition
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Term
| Secondary active transport that moves in the same direction |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary active transport that moves in the opposite direction. (while one moves in, the other is moving out) |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin in an example of moving glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin binds to glucose to help it move across membranes. This is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of water between 2 solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane caused by a difference in solute concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the driving force for osmosis? It's caused by the presence of a solute. |
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Definition
| Difference is osmotic pressure |
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Term
| During osmosis, water takes advantage of a receptor protein called a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of osmostically active particles in a solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Osmolarity calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The number of particles/mol in solution (i.e., does the solute dissociate in solution) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If g=1, then the solute does not dissociate in solution but remains __ particle |
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Definition
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Term
| If g=2, then the solute dissociates into __ particles in solution, and so on |
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Definition
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Term
| NaCl dissociates into what in solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| It is important to remember that these ions likely interact with the solution when dissociated, so the reported g is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 solutions that have the same calculated osmolarity |
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Definition
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Term
| When osmolarity is different between 2 solutions, what is the solution with the higher value called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When osmolarity is different between 2 solutions, what is the solution with the lower value called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular fluid normally has an osmolarity of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent an inward flow of water through a semipermeable membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Solute particles in a solution interact with the pores in the membrane. Higher concentrations of solute increase what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the osmolarity, the greater the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If 2 solutions have different solute concentrations, then their osmotic pressures are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When 2 solutions have different solute concentrations and therefore different osmotic pressures, this causes water to flow where? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is osmotic pressure calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gas constant (0.082 L-atm/mol-K) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas constant (0.082 L-atm/mol-K) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| At 37 degrees C, RT= what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Depends on BOTH the concentration of the solute and the permeability of the membrane |
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Definition
| Effective Osmotic Pressure (atm) |
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Term
| How is effective osmotic pressure calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the symbol "sigma" stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| The extent to which a particular solute crosses a particular membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Values of this range from 0(membrane is freely permeable) to 1 (membrane is completeley impermeable) |
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Definition
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Term
| When sigma=0, solutes diffuse across the membrane and down their concentration gradients until the concentration of both solutes is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the solutes become equal, they would have the same osmotic pressure because they have the same solute concentration, so no __ of water occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can 2 solutions be isoosmotic but not isotonic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you have the same concentration but different pressures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Have the same effective osmotic pressures. |
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Definition
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Term
| When placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane, there is no osmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Have higher effective osmotic pressures than other solutions |
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Definition
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Term
| Have lower effective osmotic pressures than others. |
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Definition
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Term
| When placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane, the difference in osmotic pressures drives the water from the hypotonic solution into the __solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you put a cell into a hypotonic solution, then water will move into the cell and the cell will ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| If you put a cell into a hypertonic solution, then water will move out of the cell and the cell will ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| You have an old lady in the summer time living in a cold house. She is drinking lots of tap water. LOTS! What is this going to do to the ECF? What will this due to the tissues in her body? Is this a major issue? |
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Definition
Hypotonic
Swell
Could cause brain to swell |
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Term
| What is the normal value of Na+ in ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of Cl- is ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of K+ in ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of Ca++ in ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of HCO3- in ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of glucose in ECF? |
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Definition
| 70-100 mg/dL fasting, 5.6 mM |
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Term
| What the normal value of protein in ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| You can have fluid deficits or dehydration as a result of what 2 primary types of imbalance? |
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Definition
Loss of water w/out loss of solutes
Loss of water and solutes |
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Term
| Results in the excess concentration of body solutes within the interstitial and intravascular compartments |
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Definition
| Loss of water without loss of solutes |
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Term
| When you have a loss of water without loss of solutes what do you do to preserve equilibrium? |
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Definition
| Water will be forced to shift by osmosis from inside the cells to these outside compartments |
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Term
| This can result in osmotic diuresis? |
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Definition
| Loss of water without loss of solutes |
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Term
| If the state of losing water without solutes persists what can happen? |
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Definition
| Large amounts of body water will be shifted and excreted (osmotic diuresis), and severe cellular dehydration will result |
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Term
| Name 4 things that can cause you to lose water without losing solutes. |
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Definition
1. Decreased water intake (unavailability, unconsciousness)
2. Water loss without proportionate solute loss (prolonged hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus)
3. Increased solute intake without proportionate water intake (tube feeding)
4. Excess accumulation of solutes (high glucose levels such as in DM) |
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Term
| If a patient's ECF was 340 m0sm/L, what would you be worried about? |
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Definition
High Blood Pressure
Dehydration of cells |
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Term
| Severe loss of water and solutes can lead to what 2 things? |
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Definition
Dehydration
Hypovolemic shock |
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Term
| Name 3 causes of loss of water and solutes. |
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Definition
1. Hemorrhage
2. Profuse perspiration (marathon runner)
3. Loss of GI tract secretions (vomiting, diarrhea, ileostomy) |
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Term
| Postsurgical patients often lose blood and become hypovolemic despite efforts to maintain homeostasis through transfusions and fluid replacements. |
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Definition
| Loss of water and solutes |
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Term
| Normal adults and athletes may experience ___ ___ when slightly dehydrated, especially when core body temp rises. Normal vascular system should accommodate effectively. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 9 common clinical signs and symptoms of dehydration. |
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Definition
1. Thirst
2. Weight Loss
3. Dry mouth, throat, or face
4. Absence of sweat
5. Increased body temp
6. Low urine output
7. Postural hypotension (increased heart rate and decreased diastolic/systolic pressures)
8. Dizziness and confusion
9. Increased hematocrit |
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Term
| Percentage of blood volume that is occupied by RBC |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal hematocrit percentage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid excess can occur in what 2 major forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess extracellular water in relationship to solutes |
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Definition
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Term
| With __, ECF becomes diluted, so water must move into the cells to equalize solute concentration on both sides of the cell membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| High water consumption without solute replacement can lead to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water intoxication can be caused by an accumulation of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Accumulation of solute-free fluid usually occurs because of excess ___ or intake of large amounts of tap water without balance solute ingestion. |
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Definition
| ADH (tumors, endocrine disorders) |
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Term
| Also known as vasopressin, it is what stimulates the kidneys to excrete or reabsorb water |
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Definition
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Term
| An elderly patient is drinking only water after having the flu, diarrhea, or vomiting. What might this cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of ___ are largely neurologic because of water shifting into brain tissues and dilution of sodium in the vascular space. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11 Clinical signs and symptoms of water intoxication |
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Definition
1. Decreased mental alertness
2. Sleepiness
3. Poor motor coordination
4. COnfusion
5. Convulsions
6. Sudden weight gain
7. Hyperventilation
8. Signs of increased ICP
9. Mild peripheral edema
10. LOW SERUM SODIUM
11. LOW HEMATOCRIT |
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Term
| Excess of BOTH solutes and water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Excess fluid is retained in the ___ compartment and results in fluid accumulation in the ___ spaces |
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Definition
Extracellular
Interstitial |
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Term
| Edema is most often produced by many different situations, name the 4 most common. |
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Definition
1. Vein Obstructions
2. Decreased Cardiac Output
3. Endocrine Imbalances
4. Loss of serum protein (burns, liver dz, allergic reactions) |
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Term
| Name 11 clincial signs and symptoms of edema |
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Definition
1. Weight gain (primary symptom)
2. Excess fluid
3. Dependent or pitting edema
4. Increased BP
5. Neck Vein Engorgement
6. Effusions
7. Congestive Heart Failure
8. Signs of increased ICP
9. Mild peripheral edema
10. Low serum sodium
11. Low hematocrit |
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Term
| What type of medication is most often used to treat Edema |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Potassium is usually also lost and is a major concern for anyone on this medication for a long time. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a person is on a diuretice, what must be monitored, especially before exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 clinical signs and symptoms of potassium loss. |
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Definition
1. Muscle weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Cardiac arrhythmia
4. Abdominal distention
5. Nausea and vomiting |
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Term
| Name 4 types of epithelial transport |
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Definition
1. Paracellular pathway
2. Transcellular pathway
3. Transepithelial transport of organic solutes
4. Transepithelial osmosis |
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Term
| Diffusion between adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement into a cell, through the cytosol, and exit across the opposite membrane |
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Definition
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