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| the evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more mutually beneficial |
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| an interaction between two species in which one species, the predator, feeds on the other species, the prey |
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| a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed |
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| defensive chemicals in plants that fend off predators |
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| a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other |
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| a relationship between two species in which both species benefit |
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| a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
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| the relationship between two species (or individuals) in which both species (or individuals) attempt to use the same limited resource such that both are negatively affected by the relationship |
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| the unique position occupied by a species, both in terms of its physical use of its habitat and its function within an ecological community |
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| the largest ecological niche where an organism or species can live without competition |
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the range of resources that a species uses, the conditions that the species can tolerate, and the functional roles that the species plays as a result of competition in the species' fundamental nicherealized niche
the range of resources that a species uses, the conditions that the species can tolerate, and the functional roles that the species plays as a result of competition in the species' fundamental niche |
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| the exclusion of one species by another due to competition |
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| the variety of organisms in a given area, the genetic variation within a population, the variety of species in a community, or the variety of communities in an ecosystem |
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| the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time |
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| a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities |
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| a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants |
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| the area in a freshwater habitat that is away from the shore but still close to the surface |
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| the zone in a freshwater habitat to which little sunlight penetrates |
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| the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the waters of aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments |
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