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| The exclusion of one or more individuals from a technologically mediated group interaction, ex computer-based discussion groups |
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| create only temporary, superficial alliances among members- no buffering on loneliness |
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| organized and integrated connections with other individuals, reduces social lonliness |
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| - promote the development of close intimate relations among members- reduces emotional loneliness |
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| Intimate Structured Groups |
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| connect member in close organized relations- reduces both social and emotional loneliness |
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| An evolutionary process that results in the survival and proliferation of organisms that have characteristics that enhance their survival and reproductive success in a particular environment |
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| An evolutionary process that results in the survival and proliferation of organisms that have characteristics that enhance their survival and reproductive success in a particular environment |
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| A form of natural selection that encourages the survival and proliferation of genes that contribute to the reproductive success of one’s relatives rather than one’s self |
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| A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individuals and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals |
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| - A tradition, ideology or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person |
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| An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship |
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| - An interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what their partner gets rather than what they themselves receive |
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| - A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs |
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| - A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members |
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| The idea of "me" and self concept that derives from individualistic qualitites sch as traits beliefs and skills |
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| The idea of “we” and self-concept that includes all those qualities based on relationships with other people, groups, and society |
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| Optimal Distinctiveness Theory |
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| - A conceptual analysis proposed by Marilyn Brewer that assumes individuals strive to maintain a balance between three basic needs- the need to be assimilated by the group, the need to be connected to friends and loved ones, and the need for autonomy and differentiation |
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| - A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group |
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| Basking in Reflected Glory- BIRGing, seeking direct of indirect association with prestigious or successful groups or individuals |
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| Cutting off Reflected Failure- CORFing, distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly |
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| - A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups |
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| The tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than other groups, their members, and their products. Ingroup favoritism is more common than outgroup rejection |
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| - Restricting comparisons between the ingroup and other groups to tasks and outcomes where the ingroup is more successful than other groups and avoiding areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup |
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| Introversion/Extroversion |
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| The degree to which an individual tends to withdraw from or seeks out social contacts. Introverts are oriented primarily toward inner perceptions and judgments or concepts and ideas whereas extroverts are more oriented to social experiences. |
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| The degree to which one adopts a set of values, attitudes, and outlooks that emphasize and facilitate establishing and maintaining connections to others. |
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| - a want or need that is satisfied through social interactions with other people, including the need for affiliation, intimacy, and power. |
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| dispositional tendency to seek out others |
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| Dispositional tendency to seek warm, positive relationships with others |
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| dispositional tendency to seek control over others |
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| Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation- |
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| (FIRO) A theory of group formation and development proposed by William Schutz that emphasizes compatibility among three basic social motives: inclusion, control, and affection |
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| - Evaluating the accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others |
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| Downward social Comparison |
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| Comparing oneself to others who are performing less effectively relative to others |
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| - Comparing oneself to others who are performing more efficiently relative to oneself |
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| Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model |
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| - (SEM model) A theory proposed by Abraham Tesser that assumes individuals maintain and enhance self esteem by associating with high achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to one’s own sense of self esteem and avoiding association with high achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to one’s sense of self esteem |
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| the tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by |
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| The tendency for groups to expand as members form dyadic associations with someone who is not in the group and thereby drawn the nonmember into the group |
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| the tendency to affiliate with or be attracted to similar others- this causes groups and other interpersonal aggregates to be composed of individuals who are similar to one another |
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| - the tendency for group members to display certain affinities such as similarities in demographic background, attitudes, values, ect. The overall degree of similarity of individuals within the same group |
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| the tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar to them in ways that complement their personal qualities |
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| compatibility between group members that occurs when individuals who wish to express inclusion, control, or affection within the group are matched with individuals who wish to receive inclusion, control, or affection from others |
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| Tendency for liking to be met with liking in return |
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| the tendency to prefer relationships and group memberships that provide the maximum number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number of possible costs |
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| - (CL) In Thibaut and Kelley’s social-exchange theory, the standard by which the individual evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases individual whose prior relationships yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher CL’s than those who experienced fewer rewards and more cost in prior relationships |
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| Comparison Level for Alternative |
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| CLalt) In Thibaut and Kelley’s social-exchange theory, the standard by which individuals evaluate the quality of other groups that they may join |
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| - A consensual standard that identifies preferable, positively sanctioned behaviors |
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| - A consensual standard that identifies prohibited, negatively sanctioned behaviors |
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| A consensual standard that describes how people typically act, feel, and think in a given situation |
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| An evaluative consensual standard that describes how people should act, feel, and think in a given situation rather than how people do act, feel, and think in that situation |
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| An increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the scope of these roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized |
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| any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that promote completion of tasks and activities, such as initiating structure, providing task related feedback, and setting goals |
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| - Recommends novel ideas, new ways to approach the problem, or possible solutions not yet considered |
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| Emphasizes getting the facts |
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| asks more qualitative types of data, such as attitudes, values, and feelings |
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| Provides data for forming decisions, including facts that derive from expertise |
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| gives additional info about points made by others |
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| shows the relevance of each idea and its relationship to the overall problem |
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| Refocuses discussion on the topic whenever necessary |
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| Appraises the quality of the groups methods, logic, and results |
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| Stimulates the group to continue working |
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| Cares for operational details |
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| takes notes and maintains records |
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| any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members, such as showing concern for the feelings of others, reducing conflict, and enhancing feelings of satisfaction and trust in the group |
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| rewards others through agreement, warmth, praise |
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| mediates conflict among group members |
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| shifts his or her positions on an issue in order to reduce conflict in the group |
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| smoothes communication by setting up procedures and ensuring equal participation from members |
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| expresses or calls for discussion of standards for evaluating the quality of group process |
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| points out the positive and negative aspects of the group dynamics and calls for change if necessary |
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| accepts the ideas offered by others and serves as an audience for the group |
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| expresses disapproval of acts, ideas, and feelings of others, attacks the group |
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