Term
|
Definition
| Production and secretion of breast milk by mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls milk production vs. milk let down? |
|
Definition
PROLACTIN = milk production
OXYTOCIN = milk let down |
|
|
Term
| In the first few days after pregnancy, produce __________; immature mik rich in ______ and _______ for infant |
|
Definition
Produce COLOSTRUM
Rich in PROTEINS and IMMUNE FACTORS |
|
|
Term
| How much milk is produced per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much energy is produced in milk during lactation? |
|
Definition
| 25 oz = 750 mL = 3 cups --> 500 kcal of energy |
|
|
Term
| Additional energy intake by lactating mothers in first 6 months vs. after that? |
|
Definition
1st 6 months = 330 kcal/day
after that = 400 kcal/day |
|
|
Term
| AI for total water in lactating mothers? |
|
Definition
| 3.8 L (need 3.1 L of that to be from liquid sources) |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional inadequacy impacts the ___________ of milk produced more than the ___________ |
|
Definition
| Greater impact on QUANTITY, NOT QUALITY |
|
|
Term
Canada guide to breast feeding:
How long for exclusive feeding?
How long for feeding w/ complementary food? |
|
Definition
EXCLUSIVE = 6 months
Complementary food = 1 year |
|
|
Term
| When lactating/breastfeeding CANNOT: |
|
Definition
Drink EtOH (if so, wait at least 2 h)
Smoke
Some medications
Consume Hg
Caffeine (no more than 2 cups/day) |
|
|
Term
| Infants need ___________________ kcal/kg of weight per day |
|
Definition
| Need 100 kcal/kg of weight per day |
|
|
Term
| Rate of weight and height increases in infants in the first year? |
|
Definition
Birth weight has tripled after 1st year
Usually length has increased by 50% |
|
|
Term
| Main protein present in breast milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main fat content in breast milk? |
|
Definition
| Linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids, DHA |
|
|
Term
| Composition of BREAST MILK (% of each macromoc)? |
|
Definition
40% CARBS
54% FAT
6% PROTEIN |
|
|
Term
| Composition of Infant Formula? |
|
Definition
42% CARBS
49% FAT
9% PROTEIN |
|
|
Term
| Compared to breast milk, formula contains more _______ and less ______ |
|
Definition
Formula has a greater % - PROTEIN & CARBS
Formula has a lower % - FAT |
|
|
Term
| Breastfed infants may be at risk for deficiencies in .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vit D supplementation in breast feeding infants? |
|
Definition
10 ug/day
20ug/day if north of Edmonton in winter |
|
|
Term
| Vit K deficiency risk in breastfeeding infants? |
|
Definition
| SHOULD get single intramuscular injection (0.5-1 mg) within first 6 hours |
|
|
Term
| Fe AI in breastfeeding infants? |
|
Definition
First 6 months = 0.27 mg/day
Afterwards = 11 mg/day
May need Fe fortified foods to meet needs |
|
|
Term
| Water needs in infants (AI) |
|
Definition
0-6 mos = 0.7 L/day
7-12 mos = 0.8 L/day |
|
|
Term
| Compounds present in COLOSTRUM |
|
Definition
Oligosaccharides
Bifidus factors (probiotic growth)
Lactoferrin - aid Fe absorption
Lactadherin - inhibit viral replication |
|
|
Term
| _____________ is present in colostrum and inhibits replication of viruses causing infant diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In experiment w/ breastfed vs. probiotic formula vs. control formula, what did results show? |
|
Definition
| BF was best - increased # of bifidobacteria (good); decreased # of enterobacteria & clostridia (bad bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| When should honey be fed to infants? |
|
Definition
| NOT before 1 year (avoid in case of unpasteurized honey) |
|
|
Term
| Fluid milk introduced to infant at __________ because of __________ |
|
Definition
Intro'd at 1 YEAR
Because of low Fe and digestive problems |
|
|
Term
| Difference between allergy & intolerance? |
|
Definition
Allergy - hypersensitivity reaction from immune system
Intolerance - digestive problem |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of food allergies? |
|
Definition
3.5% prevalence in US
Peanut allergy prev = 1% |
|
|
Term
| Steps involved in IgE hypersensitivity rxn cascade... |
|
Definition
B & T cells mobilize
T cells - differentiate to Th2 cells; stimulate B cells to make antibodies
Antibodies prime mast cells - if antigen binds to primed mast cells, degranulates to release prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine |
|
|
Term
| Immune factors released by primed mast cells? |
|
Definition
| Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, Histamine |
|
|
Term
| _______ = specific peptide domain with a protein responsible for allergic potential; binds IgE and causes degranulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the AMDR for FATS change with age? |
|
Definition
0-12 mos = 40-55%
1-3 yrs = 30-40%
4-18 yrs = 25-35% |
|
|
Term
| What AMDR for a macronutrient is the same in ALL age groups (1-3, 4-18, >18)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vit D assists in bone development because it increases ______________ |
|
Definition
| Increases INTESTINAL Ca ABSORPTION |
|
|
Term
| How does Vit D increase intestinal Ca absorption? |
|
Definition
| Upregulates synthesis of intestinal Ca transport proteins |
|
|
Term
| If Ca levels are high _________ is released from __________ |
|
Definition
Calcitonin is released from THYROID
DECREASES [Ca] |
|
|
Term
| If Ca levels are low ____________ is released from _________ |
|
Definition
PTH is released from PT glands
PTH increases [Ca] |
|
|
Term
| Peak bone mass is achieved by about _____________ yrs of age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are women at a greater risk for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Have a LOWER PEAK BONE MASS
Have ACCELERATED decline of BMD after menopause |
|
|
Term
| Key risk factors for bone fracture? |
|
Definition
Low BMD (primary)
Prior fracture/family history of osteoporotic fracture
Long term use of glucocorticoids (prednisone; NSAIDs)
Age |
|
|
Term
| Long term use of _____________ can increase risk of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| GLUCOCORTICOIDS (e.g. prednisone) |
|
|
Term
| Osteopenia/osteoporosis prevalence in women vs. men > 50? |
|
Definition
Much higher in women
Almost similar ranges of osteopenia incidence
Much higher incidence of osteoporosis in women > 50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgery for femoral neck fracture; replace part of the neck of the femur |
|
|
Term
| Direct medical costs of treating osteoporotic fractures..... |
|
Definition
| Estimated at 13.8 billion $ |
|
|
Term
| Which spine fractures are the most symptomatic and disabling? |
|
Definition
| THORACIC SPINE (much worse than those in lumbar spine) |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient density is important in feeding in children because? |
|
Definition
Small energy needs/Large nutrient needs
Small appetite |
|
|
Term
| Breakfast study w/ attention & memory? |
|
Definition
Shreddies, Cheerios, Glucose, NONE (each had 30-40 g of carbs)
BEST = Shreddies & Cheerios - need complex carbs in morning
In ALL conditions, see decreased performance in memory and attention over time from meal (glucose and no meal were worst) |
|
|
Term
| Lead toxicity is particularly common in children because.... |
|
Definition
| Pb absorption is more efficient in children |
|
|
Term
| How can Pb absorption be enhanced? |
|
Definition
| Pb absorption enhanced if child is MALNOURISHED (empty stomach, Ca, Zn, Fe deficiency upregulate Pb absorption) |
|
|
Term
| Pb interferes with ____________ |
|
Definition
| Interferes with NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION (learning disabilities, behavioral issues) |
|
|
Term
Highest Pb levels in ________ children
Lowest Pb levels in _________ children |
|
Definition
Highest = black, non-Hispanic
Lowest = white, non-Hispanic
Have generally been on decline since 1991 though |
|
|
Term
| A _________________ program is a school based health promotion framework going beyond the classroom and has a more integrated approach; involves ________________ |
|
Definition
A COMPREHENSIVE-SCHOOL HEALTH program
Includes = education & whole-school environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of the comprehensive-school health program
Alberta Project Promoting active Living and healthy Eating |
|
|
Term
| Effects on students going to APPLE SCHOOLS: |
|
Definition
Eat more fruits & veggies
Eat fewer calories
More physically active
Less likely to be obese |
|
|
Term
| When was the APPLE project launched? |
|
Definition
In 2008 by School of Public Health at U of A (3 yr intervention)
LIMITATIONS - self-report (biases) |
|
|
Term
| ____% of all Canadian girls do not meet requirements for Fe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More girls than boys do not meet requirements for the mineral _____ |
|
Definition
Ca
70% of girls vs. 30% of boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inevitable accumulation of changes that are associated with and responsible for increasing susceptibility to disease + death; loss in cell # and function |
|
|
Term
| Young Old vs. Old Old vs. Oldest Old? |
|
Definition
Young Old = 65-74
Old Old = 75-84
Oldest Old = 85 and older |
|
|
Term
| Physiological vs. Chronological Age? |
|
Definition
Physiological = age expected from body health & life expectancy
Chronological = age in years from birth |
|
|
Term
| Life Expectancy vs. Life Span |
|
Definition
Expectancy = AVERAGE length of life for population
Span = MAX # of yrs of life attainable by member of species; currently at 122 yrs for humans |
|
|
Term
| What is "compression of morbidity"? |
|
Definition
Want to age well and not have significant morbidity over last 10-15 yrs of life
Compression of morbidity indicates you can maintain good health and die SUDDENLY (don't have long period with disability) |
|
|
Term
| Life expectancy of women vs. men? |
|
Definition
Women = 82 yrs
Men = 77 yrs |
|
|
Term
| Life expectancy of women vs. men? |
|
Definition
Women = 82 yrs
Men = 77 yrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experimental treatment used to increase lifespans in a # of mammalian species
Usually reduce kcal intake to 70% of normal amount which appears to slow aging-related processes |
|
|
Term
| Two different beliefs to what causes aging? |
|
Definition
Programmed cell death - death triggered when genes that disrupt cell function are activated; support = lab cells only grow certain # of times
Wear & tear - aging due to accumulation of cellular damage from errors in DNA handling, free radicals, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Increase in longevity from kcal restriction in mammals may be due to ________ |
|
Definition
| Reduction in oxidative stress (reduced O2 consumption, less oxidative stress) |
|
|
Term
| Caloric restriction delays disease onset in rhesus monkeys....what up with dat. |
|
Definition
Reduced kcal content by 10% each month over 3 months (30% total reduction)
Lower body weight in CR, but same lean muscle mass
Decreased atrophy in CR brains in motor and exec f areas
Better survival, less chronic disease incidence, more animals without age related disease |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of kcal restriction in rhesus monkeys: |
|
Definition
Less body weight, same lean mass
Decreased atrophy in motor and exec function areas
Less chronic disease, less age-related disease
Better survival = longer expectancy |
|
|
Term
| Okinawans have the longest life expectancy in the world at _____ yrs of age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HHR = heart rate reserve = max HR - resting HR |
|
|
Term
| Results - effects of exercise on cognitive function in elderly? |
|
Definition
Improved VO2 max by 11%
Improved insulin sensitivity (WOMEN only)
Improved exec function (ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN)
Gender differences may be due to differences in glucose metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Calculate 85% of HHR for 80 yr old; resting HR = 75 |
|
Definition
HHR = max - resting
Max = 140; HHR = 65
0.85 x 65 = 55, so 55 + 75 = 130 (85% HHR) |
|
|
Term
| Effects of exercise on fall risk in elderly? |
|
Definition
| In AGILITY and RESISTANCE groups - had significantly lower fall risk score; NO improvement in stretching (sham) condition |
|
|
Term
| Teenagers eat __________ healthily compared to elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teenagers eat __________ healthily compared to elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy needs are decreased in the elderly because of lower... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estimating daily energy requirements for WOMEN vs. MEN of older age; take daily requirement of 30 yr old... |
|
Definition
WOMEN - subtract 7 kcal for each year over 30
MEN - subtract 10 kcal for each year over 30 |
|
|
Term
| Changes in fibre AI with age? |
|
Definition
Men; less than 70 = 38 g; more than 70 = 30 g
Women; less than 70 = 25 g; more than 70 = 21 g |
|
|
Term
| In elder age need increased intake of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there reduced absorption of Vit B12 with age? |
|
Definition
| Atrophic gastritis - inflammation of stomach reduces stomach acid, in severe cases reduces IF release |
|
|
Term
| Neurological symptoms in B12 deficiency are caused by _______ |
|
Definition
Myelin degeneration
B12 required to synthesize methionine derivative, part of myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| B12 is needed to synthesize a methionine derivative, a component of __________ |
|
Definition
The myelin sheath
B12 deficiency = myelin degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of atrophic gastritis in the population |
|
Definition
10-30% of population over 50 yrs of age
40% of population over 80 yrs |
|
|
Term
| How does atrophic gastritis lead to B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
Decreased production of stomach acid and IF
Microbe growth competes for B12 binding with IF |
|
|
Term
| Supplementation of Vit D in those over 50? |
|
Definition
| Supplement with 10 ug/day |
|
|
Term
| Increased RDA of Ca in elderly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe needs in post-menopausal women? |
|
Definition
| DECREASED - due to decreased Fe loss after menopause (don't lose as much because no more menses) |
|
|
Term
| 2 causes of Fe deficiency? |
|
Definition
Blood loss
Poor absorption from low stomach acid (atrophic gastritis, antacid use) |
|
|
Term
| Change in hunger related hormones with age... |
|
Definition
INCREASED - CCK and LEPTIN
DECREASED - GHRELIN, GI MOTILITY
NET EFFECT - decrease in hunger & appetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 40 muscles bilaterally activated by 6 cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Swallowing reflex is initiated by..... |
|
Definition
Pressure on the pharynx
Afferent signals to medulla; medulla sends efferent signals to pharynx, esophageal, and respiratory muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Healthy, age-related changes in swallowing; characteristic age-related changes in swallowing |
|
|
Term
| Events occurring in presbyphagia: |
|
Definition
REDUCED functional reserve
Decreased lingual pressure generation; slowed initiation of automatic swallowing
Xerostomia - decreased salivary reserve
Sensory changes - reflex may not be triggered by same pharyngeal pressure, may need more
Sarcopenia of upper GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased salivary reserve; seen in presbyphagia as # of salivary cells decreases in mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degeneration of skeletal muscle with age |
|
|
Term
| Believed cause of cataracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the aging brain see... |
|
Definition
Decreased cerebral perfusion (reduced blood flow)
Decreased # of neurons
Consume fish to maintain executive function (get EPA and DHA intake to preserve functional reserve) |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of food insecurity in Canadians > 65? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of amphetamines vs. corticosteroids on appetite? |
|
Definition
Amphetamines = SUPPRESS appetite
Corticosteroids = STIMULATE appetite |
|
|
Term
| Nausea can be caused by 2 types of drugs... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are known to cause mucosal damage to GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetracycline may impair absorption of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isoniazid requires ________ supplementation when taking |
|
Definition
B6 supplementation
Isoniazid is similar to B6 in structure and interferes with conversion to active form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree of risk of becoming ill due to food consumption; all hazards (chronic & acute) that can make food injurious to consumer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All other NON-safety attributes that influence product's value - taste, appearance, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Internal T of a cooked hamburger should reach... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protocols in place for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles... |
|
Definition
Used by CFIA
Hazard analysis
ID critical control points
Establish control limits
Monitoring procedures & corrective actions
Verification procedures; documentation & record keeping procedures |
|
|
Term
| Critical control point of egg production? |
|
Definition
| Pasteurization - get rid of Salmonella |
|
|
Term
| Best before date / use by date must be on foods that are fresh for less than... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of food safety technology... |
|
Definition
Pasteurization
Irradiation
Packaging |
|
|
Term
| If milk is not pasteurized, can get________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irradiation is used to control _________ |
|
Definition
Mould in grain
Sterilize spices and teas
Delay ripening
Destroy bacteria in meats |
|
|
Term
| Does food irradiation make food radioactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common sources of Salmonella? |
|
Definition
Chicken and eggs
Use refrigeration to slow growth; present from contamination from animal feces |
|
|
Term
| To destroy E. coli cook to internal temp of? |
|
Definition
| 71 degrees C (160 degrees F) |
|
|
Term
| Most deadly foodborne toxin ? |
|
Definition
| Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improper canned foods (discard cans if bulging) |
|
|
Term
| Sources of infant botulism? |
|
Definition
| Unpasteurized honey - dont give before 1 yr old! |
|
|
Term
| Infection timeline of norovirus/gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
Virus attaches to intestinal cells, injects nucleic acids in which use host transcription/translation machinery to make new viruses
Cells rupture and cycle repeats
CAN kill noroviruses through cooking |
|
|
Term
| Garidia lamblia is the common cause of .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichinella spiralis is a _________ present in __________ |
|
Definition
| PARASITE present in raw/undercooked pork and game meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxins produced by moulds |
|
|
Term
| Effect of cooking/freezing on mycotoxins (from moulds)? |
|
Definition
STOP GROWTH, but do not remove
E.g. Ergot mycotoxins are hallucinogens found in contaminated rye |
|
|
Term
| How do prions cause pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Prions = misfolded proteins; cause misfolding of adjacent proteins, aggregate and form plaques which lead to pathology |
|
|
Term
| Can only evaluate presence of prions.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease progression from scrapie to vCJD |
|
Definition
Scrapie in sheep, cattle fed with sheep containing prion from scrapie - caused BSE
Humans ate beef contaminated with prion and caused vCJD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the set of ARCHER
BUT ACTUALLY, its 4-60 deg C y'all |
|
|
Term
| Freezer should be kept at a T of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main concern with food safety & allergies? |
|
Definition
LABELING
Large heterogeneity in risk associated with food; have new labeling procedures that require all ingredients listed, even if at smaller quantities than previously needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accumulation of toxins within organisms increases with each successive step of being passed on
E.g. water contaminants exist in higher concentrations in large fish compared to algae or smaller fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applies to pesticides; max amount of pesticide residues that may legally remain on a food (set by Health Canada) |
|
|
Term
| Amount of pesticide residue on domestic vs. imported foods? |
|
Definition
IMPORTED - more residue that would exceed max limit
DOMESTIC - more proportion of residue overall, but at levels below tolerance/max limit |
|
|
Term
| FAT TOM acronym for preservatives |
|
Definition
Fat
Acidity
Temperature
Time
Oxygen
Moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For food additives; additive is allowed at levels 100x below that found to cause harmful effects |
|
|
Term
| Examples of antimicrobial preservatives |
|
Definition
Salt, sugar
Bacteriophages (can destroy Listeria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flushing of face & chest; pain in face & chest; headache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phe + Aspartic Acid + Me group
BE WARY of those with PKU (can't eat things with Phe) |
|
|
Term
| Acceptably daily intake of aspartame? |
|
Definition
40 mg/kg of body weight
97 packs of sweetener, or 16 cans of soda in 90 kg adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indirect food additive - forms when carb rich foods and asparagine are cooked; high doses = cancer + nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| What polycarbonate is banned from plastic baby bottles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of GM crops in 2008? Predicted # by 2015? |
|
Definition
2008 = 30 GM crops in 25 countries
>120 by 2015 |
|
|
Term
| Corn and cotton are engineered to express proteins from _______________ to kill insects |
|
Definition
Bacillus thurigiensis (Bt)
Little or no harm to non-target animals
8% reduction in insecticide use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to block ENZ required for plant production of Trp; no effect on animals
Engineered plants to become Glycophosphate-Resistant
Allows for low till/no till agriculture |
|
|
Term
| What are the criteria needed for the ORGANIC label? |
|
Definition
| Contains single/multi ingredient food with organic content AT LEAST 95% |
|
|
Term
| x% organic ingredients - criteria? |
|
Definition
| Need % to be between 70 and 94%; don't get organic logo |
|
|
Term
| Goals of genetic modification? |
|
Definition
Increase shelf life
Increase nutrients (biofortification)
Decrease herbicide/pesticide use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have modified to contain beta-carotene - rice should have a higher Vit A content; BIOFORTIFICATION with B-carotene (GM example) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bugs that are resistant to pesticide (made from GM plant or sprayed); will be more successful than non-resistant bugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weeds that have cross bred with GM plants that have certain growth advantages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preferred crops; crops preferred, whether GM or not, can limit biodiversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in Svalbard (Norway); halfway up a mountain
Contains the meaning of life and the fossil recording of the 1967 stanley cup victory |
|
|
Term
| Need to increase agricultural production by _______ by 2030 to meet demands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems with attempting to increase agriculture production? |
|
Definition
Have limited land available - no extra
Fresh water availability is decreasing
Need to produce more on the same amount of land with less H2O |
|
|
Term
| How does irrigation cause environmental damage? |
|
Definition
| Salinization increases salt content of soil; makes soil less productive |
|
|
Term
| In industrialized countries, how much of energy use is due to food production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far is food (on avg) transported before it is eaten? |
|
Definition
| 2414 km (approx distance from Winnipeg to Kingston) |
|
|
Term
| Farming is responsible for _______% of pollution of US water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How large is the global livestock herd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensive vs. Intensive land for livestock |
|
Definition
Extensive - RANGELANDS
Intensive - FEEDLOT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progress understood simply as boundless economic growth and prosperity; based on exploitation of natural resources perceived as equally limitless |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for 80% of rainforest deforestation? |
|
Definition
| Cattle grazing fields - majority of deforestation occurs for this reason |
|
|
Term
| Sustainable/Sustainability |
|
Definition
Able to continue indefinitely
Using resources at a rate at the Earth can continually replenish
Polluting air at a rate = or less than rate that environment/us can clean up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to produce food INDEFINITELY with little/no harm to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Related to both ecology and economy; needs to be resource efficient and sustainable for the environment |
|
|
Term
| What is considered to be an "increase in eco-efficiency"? |
|
Definition
| Production level achieved with fewer resources, less losses to environment without sacrificing productive potential of land or economic success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farming different plants each year, or different plants in different parts of year; improves health of soil and decreases erosion |
|
|
Term
| Areas involved in sustainable farming |
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Definition
Crop rotation/soil quality
Soil erosion management (terracing)
Minimal pesticide use with BM crops
Livestock |
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Term
| Problem with planting the exact same crop every year? |
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Definition
| Depletes soil of nutrients and increases # of soil borne pathogens |
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Term
| What are the reasons for low use of mixed crop + livestock? |
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Definition
Price of moving manure may be more than buying fertilizer
Increased management complexity
Potential for poor financial return
Increased fertilizer cost |
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Term
| Sustainable Animal Farming |
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Definition
Perennial forage crops decrease erosion (make sure NOT overgrazed)
Dense root systems = filters to remove H2O contaminants
Deep root systems = improve water & air movement |
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Term
| Benefits of dense vs. deep root systems? |
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Definition
Dense - remove contaminants from water
Deep - increase water and air movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which people lack adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs for active and healthy lives |
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Term
| Food insecurity is experienced by.... |
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Definition
3 million Canadians
33% of Aboriginal households |
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Term
| In 2003 data, what % of Canada was food insecure? |
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Definition
9.2% (mostly moderate, 2.9% severely)
Due to INADEQUATE RESOURCES to purchase food |
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Term
| Food insecurity is due mainly to.. |
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Definition
| INADEQUATE RESOURCES TO PURCHASE FOOD, not that food is not present |
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Term
| What has dependence shifted towards in isolated Northern communities? |
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Definition
Store bought food, shifted away from locally produced food
Lack of year round access increases cost and necessitates air transport; decreases quality of food
(Same meal in BC = $16, northern = $35) |
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Term
| Households that are more food insecure are more likely to have children who are _________________ in the morning |
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Definition
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Term
| Demands on food banks are ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Harvest food left behind after automated harvesting |
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Term
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Definition
789 new clients in 2009
Almost 6000 individuals served each year; almost 1/2 are children under 18
30% of users are single parents
22000 lbs of food donated on regular basis |
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Term
| Approximately how many people worldwide are chronically undernourished? |
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Definition
1 billion
6 million children die each year due to undernutrition |
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Term
| Causes of world hunger... |
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Definition
Unrest - destabilize food supplies
Over population for resources
Poverty
and most importantly...BENJI |
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Term
| _______ people have Fe deficiency anemia |
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Definition
| 2 billion; can lead to maternal death, premie birth, low birth weight |
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Term
| Diagnosis for Fe deficiency anemia requires... |
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Definition
Low serum FERRITIN
High TRANSFERRIN, low saturation
Low [Hb], Hct |
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Term
| __________ people globally have insufficient IODINE intake? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
T4 = thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyronine (active) |
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Term
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Definition
| Se-containing ENZ within thyroid cells |
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Term
| How do T3 hormones exert effect? |
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Definition
| Bind to protein complexes and act on DNA in nucleus to alter transcription and protein levels |
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Term
| Vit A deficiency present in > _________ million children |
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Definition
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Term
Preformed vit A = ?
Examples = ? |
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Definition
RETINOIDS
Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
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|
Term
Provitamin A = ?
Examples? |
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Definition
CAROTENOIDS
B-carotene, a-carotene, B-cryptoxanthin |
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Term
| ________ vit A is absorbed more easily than __________ vit A |
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Definition
| PREFORMED VIT A is more easily absorbed than PROVITAMIN A |
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Term
| Vit A is transported in _______ in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Vit A and vision in the retina |
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Definition
Retinol bound to opsin = rhodopsin; in cis conformation
When light strikes, retinol changes to trans formation, dissociates with opsin
If Vit A levels are inadequate, get night blindness b/c not enough retinol |
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Term
| How does Vit A regulate gene expression? |
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Definition
| Binds to protein complex and controls transcription and translation processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Vit A & epithelial tissue... |
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Definition
| In deficiency - epithelial cells differentiate abnormally (mucus secreting epithelium die and replaced by improper keratin secreting cells = keratinization) |
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Term
| Marasmus vs. Kawarshiorkor? |
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Definition
Marasmus = chronic PEM
Kawarshiorkor = acute PEM |
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Term
| differences in body composition in acute vs. chronic PEM? |
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Definition
Acute - underweight for height; kwarshiorkor
Chronic - short for age (stunted growth); marasmus |
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Term
| Origin of word Kwarshiorkor? |
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Definition
Ghanian word; describes illness child develops when next child is born
Occurs at 18-24 months, during transition from breastfeeding to low-protein cereal diet |
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Term
| Symptoms of Kwarshiorkor? |
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Definition
Fatty liver, decreased liver ENZ - not enough protein transporters to transport fat
Edema in limbs and abdomen
Impaired immunity |
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Term
| Ugandan school children study? |
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Definition
Those in MOST poor group consumed fewest meals; those in MOST poor group performed academically worse than other groups
Achievement significantly associated with consumption of breakfast & midday meal |
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Term
| Difference in rural traditional diets vs affluent western diets? |
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Definition
Rural - low fat & sugar; high fibre; CHO staples; lead to undernourishment
Western - high fat & sugar; low fibre; high in animal protein; lead to overnourishment, chronic disease later in life |
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