Term
| What factors can food choices be based on? |
|
Definition
Personal Preference (#1 reason people choose food is based on taste)
Habit
Ethnic Heritage
Social Interactions
Availability/Economy
Positive/Negative Associations
Body Weight/Nutritional Benefits |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 reason people choose a certain food? |
|
Definition
| Based on TASTE (Personal Preference) |
|
|
Term
| What are functional foods (designer foods)? |
|
Definition
Foods that provide benefits BEYOND nutrients; physiologically active components provide extra health benefits
E.g. Oatmeal - has dietary fibre & lowers cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A produce that is ISOLATED/PURIFIED from foods generally sold in some medicinal form and has some demonstrated physiological benefit |
|
|
Term
| Difference between nutraceuticals/functional foods? |
|
Definition
Functional foods - sold as food products
Nutraceuticals - sold as medicinal products (isolates from food that are not sold as conventional foods) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NON-NUTRIENT compounds in PLANT derived foods with biological activity
E.g. Capsacin - in hot peppers, affects blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 classes of nutrients? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water |
|
|
Term
| What are the two simplest classes of nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Minerals (simplest; single elements) and then water (one molecule) |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrients are INORGANIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only class of nutrients that have nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| Proteins (in amino groups) |
|
|
Term
| Differences between MACRO and MICRONUTRIENTS? |
|
Definition
MACRO - lipids, carbs, proteins; required in GRAM amounts daily
MICRO - minerals, vitamins; required in mg/ug daily |
|
|
Term
| Energy density of the 3 macronutrients... |
|
Definition
Carbs = 4 kcal/g
Proteins = 4 kcal/g
Lipids = 9 kcal/g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7 kcal/g; NOT a nutrient because it interferes with growth & repair processes in the body |
|
|
Term
| Fat vs. water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
FAT SOLUBLE = A, D, E, K
WATER SOLUBLE = B, C |
|
|
Term
| How many essential minerals are there for the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are more resilient to damage vitamins or minerals? |
|
Definition
| Minerals, b/c they are inorganic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observe epidemiological statistics of ONE GROUP of people at ONE TIME in one population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analyze data collected from a cohort of a population at intervals over time (longitudinal) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 DRI's (Dietary Reference Intakes)? |
|
Definition
Estimated Average Requirement - EAR
Recommended Dietary Allowance - RDA
Adequate Intake - AI
Tolerable Upper Limit - UL |
|
|
Term
| Definition of EAR and RDA |
|
Definition
Estimated Average Requirement - average amount of nutrient that will be sufficient for 1/2 of the HEALTHY people in a given population
Recommended Dietary Allowance - average daily amount of nutrient considered to be adequate for the needs of 98% of healthy people in a population; "goal of nutrient intake" |
|
|
Term
| How are the RDA and EAR related mathematically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the AI used? How is it determined? |
|
Definition
AI - used when the RDA for a certain nutrient cannot be established
RDA is based on scientific evidence; but AI relies on judgments due to a LACK of evidence (covers unknown # of people) |
|
|
Term
| What is the estimated energy requirement? |
|
Definition
average caloric intake needed to maintain energy balance in healthy person w/ average physical activity
EER is NOT as generous as the RDA/AI, because excess energy leads to weight gain/obesity |
|
|
Term
| AMDRs for the macronutrients... |
|
Definition
Carbs = 45-65%
Lipids = 20-35%
Proteins = 10-35% |
|
|
Term
| What are anthropometric measures? |
|
Definition
| Measurements of physical characteristics (height, weight, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition/behaviour associated with elevated frequency of disease, but NOT necessarily causal |
|
|
Term
| Difference between RD and nutritionist in ontario? |
|
Definition
| RD needs to be licensed (undergrad program, internship, national exam), nutritionist does NOT need to be licensed or regulated by law |
|
|
Term
| 6 key diet planning principles? |
|
Definition
Adequacy
Balance
Calorie Control
Nutrient Density (want high nutrient density; nutrients/kcal)
Moderation
Variety |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1 other group besides the 4 main groups in the Food Guide? |
|
Definition
| Oils & fats - 30-45 mL unsaturated fat each day |
|
|
Term
| Learn food guide groups again... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learn make each food guide serving count guidelines... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of labels on nutrition claims? What do they each represent? |
|
Definition
Nutrition Content Claims - specific nutrient features of food with certain adjectives (light, free, low, less etc.)
Diet Related Health Claims - highlight relationship about food and person's health (reduce risk of disease, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What are listed on the nutrition facts label? |
|
Definition
| Calories + 13 core nutrients on all facts tables |
|
|
Term
| What are the four/five main tastes? |
|
Definition
| Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami |
|
|
Term
| What happens to taste bud # with age? |
|
Definition
| Declines; children have the most discerning taste |
|
|
Term
| Difference of taste vs. flavour? |
|
Definition
Taste - the chemical sensations of food on the taste buds
Flavour - TOTAL sensory impression (taste, odour, mouthfeel); taste is a component of flavour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of LES to relax during swallowing; food builds up in the esophagus b/c it cannot enter the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From superior to inferior -> fundus, body, antrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approx 50 mL when empty; can increase to 1L after a meal |
|
|
Term
| Are any nutrients absorbed in the stomach? |
|
Definition
NO - no food or water absorbed here
Get a small amount of EtOH/ASA absorbed (but not nutrients) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance released in small intestine in response to the presence of CHYME - stimulates pancreatic secretions into duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin D activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the liver's main contribution to digestion? |
|
Definition
| BILE production; bile is produced constantly by the liver; stored in gall bladder in between meals |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Spincter of Oddi? |
|
Definition
At the duodenal papilla; opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum
Closed in between meals |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary method of movement in the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| HAUSTRAL CONTRACTIONS - occur every 30 minutes |
|
|
Term
| How often to mass movements in the colon occur? |
|
Definition
| 3 to 4 times per day (moves contents 1/3 to 3/4 the length of the colon in a few seconds) |
|
|
Term
| What GI organ has the thickest/strongest muscles? |
|
Definition
| The stomach - 3 layers (inner circular, middle oblique, outer longitudinal) |
|
|
Term
| Components of saliva (chemicals) |
|
Definition
| Salivary amylase & lipase; mucus; lysozyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in saliva production |
|
|
Term
| Where is salivary amylase inactivated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gastrin secreted when food enters stomach; stimulates HCl secretion; gastrin secretion is stopped when pH = 1.5 (very acidic)
HCl activates the pepsinogen zymogen to active pepsin (protein digestion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of secretin? |
|
Definition
| To maintain pH of duodenal contents; need to maintain a slightly alkaline pH for optimal pancreatic enzyme function |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates CCK secretion from the intestinal wall? |
|
Definition
CCK secreted in response to protein OR fat in the lumen; causes gall bladder contraction to release bile and pancreas to release pancreatic juices
Also slows GI motility to increase time for digestion
3 main targets - gall bladder, pancreas, intestinal wall |
|
|
Term
| What types of membrane transport are used for different types of nutrient absorption? |
|
Definition
Simple diffusion - water & small lipids
Facilitated diffusion - water soluble vitamins
Active transport - glucose + aa's |
|
|
Term
| who's doing a bad job of watching laptops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food combining w/ vitamin C and Fe |
|
Definition
| Vitamin C can actually enhance Fe absorption |
|
|
Term
| When can absorption be limited by simultaneously consuming other foods (food combining myth exception)? |
|
Definition
| Phytates (legumes) may impair absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorbed into lymphatic system (includes lipids, fat-soluble vitamins) and BYPASS the liver; enter the circulation at the L subclavian vein, down to the heart, where they are distributed throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction is fluid flow in lymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between PROBIOTICS & PREBIOTICS? |
|
Definition
PRO - living microbes found in food that are beneficial for health
PRE - foods NOT digested (e.g. fibre) that promote bacterial growth by acting as a food source |
|
|
Term
| What macromolecules take the longest to digest? |
|
Definition
| Fats & proteins (this is why CCK slows gastric motility) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When osmotically active non-absorbable solutes remain in bowels where they retain water (pull water into colon); happens with lactose intolerance (lactose pulls water in), poorly absorbed salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACTIVE secretion of salts and water; often due to bacterial toxins/viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Severe dehydration
Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia
Metabolic acidosis - loss of bicarb ions |
|
|
Term
| Why should antacids only be taken infrequently? |
|
Definition
| Can weaken mucus barrier of GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stomach-like mucosa replaces epithelium in distal esophagus; usually due to healing phase of esophagitis; increases risk of esophageal cancer |
|
|
Term
| 3 major causes of ulcers? |
|
Definition
H. pylori infection
Use of certain anti-inflammatories - aspirin (ASA), naproxen, ibuprofen
Excess gastric acid secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is a food borne illness "outbreak"? |
|
Definition
| Two or more causes of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food |
|
|
Term
| In terms of food borne disease, what is the major cause of illness and the major cause of death? |
|
Definition
Salmonella = major cause of illness
Listeria = major cause of death |
|
|
Term
| What is the danger zone for food? |
|
Definition
| DO NOT keep foods between 40-140 degrees F for more than 2 hrs; or more than 1 hr if air temp. is greater than 90 deg F |
|
|
Term
| Hep A (food borne INFECTION) |
|
Definition
Sources - raw shellfish; veggies & fruits; contaminated H2O
Onset - 2-7 weeks; fever, loss of appetite, jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Listeria (food borne INFECTION) |
|
Definition
Major cause of death from food borne infection; growth stopped by freezing
From L. monocytogenes bacteria
Onset = 1-70 days; mimics the flu, pregnancy complications, blood poisoning |
|
|
Term
| Perfringens (food borne INFECTION) |
|
Definition
"Cafeteria germ"; multiplies in foods on steam tables/foods at room T
Onset = 8-16 hours; abdominal pain & diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis (food borne INFECTION) |
|
Definition
| Onset = 1-3 days; can be fatal |
|
|
Term
| Botulism (food INTOXICATION) |
|
Definition
From C. botulinum; anaerobe in low acid environments
Onset = 4-36 hours; digestive problems, CNS complications, respiratory
Need to steam pressure cans to eliminate all spores |
|
|
Term
| S. aureus (food borne intoxication) |
|
Definition
Staph toxin - found in salads & cream soups; found endogenously in nasal passages
Onset = 1-6 hours; digestive symptoms; rarely fatal |
|
|
Term
| Safe internal temperatures - medium rare, chicken/turkey whole, middle range? |
|
Definition
Medium rare = 63 deg C
Chicken/turkey whole = 85 deg C
Middle range = 71-74 deg C |
|
|
Term
| What is the sweetest monosaccharide? |
|
Definition
| Fructose (next is glucose, then galactose) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 disaccharides (and what are they made of)? |
|
Definition
Sucrose = fructose + glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = galactose + glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the glycogen distribution within the body? |
|
Definition
| 2/3 stored in muscles, 1/3 in liver |
|
|
Term
| Is glycogen branched or unbranched? |
|
Definition
| Branched; b/c it is branched, more rapidly hydrolyzed (lots of places for enzymes to attack) |
|
|
Term
| Branched starch vs. unbranched starch? |
|
Definition
Amylopectin (BRANCHED)
Amylose (UNBRANCHED) |
|
|
Term
| What is different between cellulose and starch? |
|
Definition
| The linkages that exist between the glucose monomers; we can digest starch, but not cellulose |
|
|
Term
| Are most dietary fibres non-starch polysaccharides or non-polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| NON-STARCH P's; however, cannot be digested by the body b/c of the linkages between the glucose monomers |
|
|
Term
| Non-starch polysacc vs. non-polysacc.... |
|
Definition
Non-starch = cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, mucilages
Non-polysacc = lignins, tannins, cutins |
|
|
Term
| Differences between soluble and insoluble fibers? |
|
Definition
Soluble = form gels and can be digested by colonic bacteria (fermentable); oats, barley, legumes; viscous (form gel)
Insoluble = less readily fermented & no gel; whole grains (bran), lignins, cellulose, most hemicellulose; promote bowel movements b/c keep water in GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starches classified as dietary fibre because they escape digestion & absorption in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT a dietary fiber, but found in many of the same foods as soluble fibres
Dietary fiber, or phytic acid, binds to minerals to impair their absorption; only a serious concern if fiber intake is excessive |
|
|
Term
| AI for Fibre Intake Males vs. Females |
|
Definition
M = 38 g (19-50); 30 g (51+)
W = 25 g (19-50); 21 g (51+) |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of fibre in the diet? |
|
Definition
Strengthen intestinal walls - prevent diverticula formation
Slow glucose absorption; promote satiety
Prevents heart disease (lower BP improve blood lipids); soluble fibers increase excretion of bile salts to lower cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| How does fibre promote satiety? |
|
Definition
| It lingers in the stomach to delay gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of the monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
Glucose + Galactose = enter cells by ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Fructose = absorbed by FACILITATED DIFFUSION; takes longer to absorb |
|
|
Term
| What are the percentages of people in the world who have enough lactase to properly digest lactose? |
|
Definition
30% - have sufficient lactase
70% - have some sort of a deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Lactose intolerance - prevalence (where is it highest, lowest?) |
|
Definition
Highest - native americans & southeast asians
Lowest - Scandinavians & northern europeans |
|
|
Term
| How much lactose can be consumed, by people with intolerance, that can be tolerated? |
|
Definition
| Can usually tolerate 1/2 cup of milk (6 grams lactose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fermented milk that is lactose free (use L. acidophilus to breakdown lactose into glucose + galactose) |
|
|
Term
| How long can glycogen stores in the liver last for? |
|
Definition
| HOURS, not days; need to frequently consume dietary carbs to meet needs |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of protein to glucose is called? |
|
Definition
| GLUCONEOGENESIS (making glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, in this case protein) |
|
|
Term
| Alternate energy source for the brain (other than glucose)? |
|
Definition
| Ketone bodies - formed from fats; excess results in metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What processes are stimulated by insulin? |
|
Definition
Glucose uptake into ells
Glycogen synthesis in the liver
Conversion of excess glucose (if glycogen at max) into fat |
|
|
Term
| What is the fasting blood glucose in a healthy vs. diabetic individual? |
|
Definition
Healthy = 100-125 mg/dL (4-6 mM)
Diabetic = >126 mg/dL (>6mM) |
|
|
Term
| What type of glycemic response do we want? What type of response do diabetics have? |
|
Definition
LOW GLYCEMIC RESPONSE - slow absorption, modest rise and slow return in blood glucose levels
Diabetics typically have a high glycemic response |
|
|
Term
| What is more common DM I or DM II? |
|
Definition
| DM II (90% of cases); vs. DM I (10%) |
|
|
Term
| What may account for the increasing incidence of DM II in the population? |
|
Definition
Aging population
Obesity rates rising coupled with sedentary lifestyles
Aboriginal people are more likely to develop; new immigrants are from higher risk populations (Hispanic, Asian, African) |
|
|
Term
| Structure of kernels in cereal grain? |
|
Definition
Brain = pericarp; outer portion; mainly cellulose, removed in milling
Endosperm = inner part; grains in protein matrix, usually used in refined flower
Germ = embryo; majority of fat located here |
|
|
Term
| What is couscous made from? |
|
Definition
| Semolina & water; NOT a grain, but still considered a pasta product |
|
|
Term
| What type of reaction occurs in celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| See an IMMUNE REACTION to gluten -> hypersensitivity reaction causing villi damage in the intestine |
|
|
Term
| How to treat celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Need to completely remove gluten from diet; also need to eliminate lactose to taper flare-ups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
200x sweeter than sucrose; widely used in canada
NOT absorbed or digested therefore NON-NUTRITIVE |
|
|
Term
| Aspartame (Nutrasweet, Equal) |
|
Definition
200x sweeter than sucrose
Contains 2 aa's - Phe+Asp+Methyl group; does provide 4 kcal/g, but so much less than 1 g that it is irrelevant (debate about artificial sweetener vs. non-nutritive) |
|
|
Term
| Which group of people cannot eat Aspartame? |
|
Definition
| People with PKU, because they cannot digest Phenylalanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30x sweeter than sucrose
Originally approved by FDA, then banned, now pending re-approval
NOT added to foods, but sold as sweetener; heat stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
600x sweeter than sucrose
Made from sucrose, but replace OH with Cl; also heat stable; does not get absorbed, therefore NON-nutritive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NUTRITIVE sweetener (0.2-2.6 kcal/g)
Don't contribute to dental caries, have a small insulin response when ingested (provide energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Natural sweetener
Not added to foods, but can be sold for personal use |
|
|
Term
| What 3 types of lipids exist? |
|
Definition
| Sterols, Triglycerides, Phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Difference between fats & oils? |
|
Definition
Fats = lipids that are SOLID at room temp
Oils = lipids that are LIQUID at room temp |
|
|
Term
| What # of C can fatty acids range in length from? Most common #? |
|
Definition
| Range from 4 to 24 C; most common is 18 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain of C atoms with an acid group (carboxyl) at one end, and a methyl group at the other end |
|
|
Term
| Difference between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids? |
|
Definition
Omega-3 - double bond is between C3 and C4
Omega-6 - double bond is between C6-C7
They are numbered from the METHYL carbon |
|
|
Term
| Difference between oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic acid...? |
|
Definition
Oleic = 18 carbon monounsaturated
Linoleic = 18 C polyunsaturated (2 double bonds)
Linolenic = 18 C polyunsaturated (3 double bonds)
Stearic = 18 C saturated |
|
|
Term
| What is the simplest 18C fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| Stearic Acid = 18C saturated FA |
|
|
Term
| What are the different lengths of FA chains? (e.g. LCFA, MCFA, SCFA) |
|
Definition
LCFA = 12-24 C; most common in MEAT
MCFA = 6-10 C; most common in DAIRY
SCFA <6 C; most common in DAIRY |
|
|
Term
| What type of lipids are the majority in the body? |
|
Definition
| TRIGLYCERIDES (99% of lipids in the body are triglyc) |
|
|
Term
| What does the degree of unsaturation affect? |
|
Definition
Firmness - more saturated = less firm; less saturated = more firm
Stability = polyun FA's are more prone to oxidation (more readily go rancid) |
|
|
Term
| What type of FA's are the most vs. least firm? |
|
Definition
Most firm = long, unsaturated
Least firm = short, saturated |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect the firmness of an FA? |
|
Definition
Degree of saturation = more firm FAs are unsaturated, less firm are saturated
Length of C chain = more firm FAs are long, less firm are short |
|
|
Term
| Why is excess trans fat consumption bad for your health? |
|
Definition
| Increases LDL and decreases HDL |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find omega 6 poly unsat vs. omega 3 polyunsat fats? |
|
Definition
Omega 6 - soybean oil, walnut oil, sunflower oil
Omega 3 - flaxseed oil, fish oil |
|
|
Term
| What dietary fats have the highest vs. lowest percentage of monounsaturated/saturated fat? |
|
Definition
HIGHEST for saturated = coconut oil & butter fat
HIGHEST for monounsaturated = canola oil & safflower oil |
|
|
Term
| What type of lipid is lecithin? Is it essential? |
|
Definition
| Lecithin is a phospholipid; made in the liver, therefore non-essential |
|
|
Term
| Difference between triglyceride vs. phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| In phospholipid, have 1 FA replaced with a phosphate group + nitrogen containing compound |
|
|
Term
| How many carbon rings are present in sterols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do phytosterols reduce cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
| Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for absorption; less cholesterol is absorbed and therefore more is excreted |
|
|
Term
| Amount of cholesterol ingested daily vs. amount made endogenously? |
|
Definition
Ingested = 200-350 mg
Made endogenously = 800-1500 mg |
|
|
Term
| Why is bile needed as an emulsifying agent? |
|
Definition
| Lipids are hydrophobic, lipases are hydrophilic - need hydrophilic environment to digest the lipids |
|
|
Term
| Difference between lingual lipase and salivary amylase in the STOMACH? |
|
Definition
Lingual lipase is acid stable, therefore is not inactivated by gastric acid
Salivary amylase is not acid stable and is inactivated in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Do you have lipase enz in the mouth & stomach? |
|
Definition
| YES (lingual lipase & gastric lipase) |
|
|
Term
| Differences in lipid absorption? |
|
Definition
SCFA, MCFA, glycerol - diffuse through cells to enter villi
LCFA, monoglycerides - surrounded by bile acids to form micelles |
|
|
Term
| Name of lipoprotein transport vehicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main types of lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| Chylomicrons, LDL, HDL, VLDL |
|
|
Term
| What lipoproteins are the largest and least dense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is VLDL synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Travel throughout body and remove TGs; as more TGs are bound, VLDL turns into LDL |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in circulating LDLs? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol, TGs, phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Which lipoproteins are important for the REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT/SCAVENGER pathway? |
|
Definition
| HDL - made by liver to pick up cholesterol from cells and bring to liver for disposal |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between saturated fat & LDL? |
|
Definition
| Dose response curve; increased saturated FAs in diet correlate with increased LDL levels (vice versa with decreased saturated FA intake) |
|
|
Term
| Effects of monounsaturated fatty acid intake on lipoprotein levels? |
|
Definition
LOWER LDL levels
DO NOT lower HDL levels, or raise triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| Effects of polyunsaturated fat intake on lipoprotein levels? |
|
Definition
| Similar to monounsat., lower LDL levels, but can also reduce HDL (not as good as monounsat., which has no effect on HDL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LINOLEIC - omega 6 fatty acid; 18C, 1 double bond
LINOLENIC - omega 3 fatty acid; 18C, 2 double bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is the relevance of the omega 6 to omega 3 FA ratio? |
|
Definition
Both of these FAs compete for the same ENZ
General consensus - increase OMEGA 3 in diet (not just ratio, increase actual amount) |
|
|
Term
| Function of lipoprotein lipase? |
|
Definition
Hydrolyze TGs from VLDL/chylomicrons into di & monoglycerides and fatty acids
Once inside cells, reassemble into TGs for storage |
|
|
Term
| What % of the body's energy needs at rest come from fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of fat replacers? What can they be made from? |
|
Definition
Dextrin, maltodextrin, modified starch (examples)
Can be made from carbs, proteins, or fats |
|
|
Term
| Difference between fat replacers & artifical fats? |
|
Definition
Fat replacers - replace some or all functions of fat; MAY OR MAY NOT provide energy
Artifical fats - ZERO ENERGY (non-nutritive); e.g. OLESTRA |
|
|
Term
| Is Olestra a fat replacer or an artificial fat? |
|
Definition
| Artificial Fat - no energy value |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of olestra? |
|
Definition
| Sucrose bound to 6-8 LCFAs |
|
|
Term
| What is a good source of omega 3 FAs? Monounsat? |
|
Definition
Omega 3 = fish/fish oil
Monounsat = canola oil, safflower oil, nuts |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of the Mediterranean diet? |
|
Definition
Low in saturated fat; very low in trans fa
High in unsaturated fat, complex carbs, fibre, phytochemicals |
|
|
Term
| # of essential vs. non essential aa's? |
|
Definition
| 9 essential, 11 non-essential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gly, Ala, Pro, Tyr, Ser, Cys, Asn, Gln, Arg, Glu, Asp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Trp, Thr, His, Lys |
|
|
Term
| What is the first enzyme to begin the zymogen activation cascade in the small intenstine? |
|
Definition
| Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen to trypsin; then it activates chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidases |
|
|
Term
| Cleavage sites of TRYPSIN and CHYMOTRYPSIN? |
|
Definition
Trypsin - C terminal side of K and R
Chymotrypsin - C terminal side of F, Y, W, M, N, H |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional misconception - ENZYMES in foods can help with digestion of food? |
|
Definition
| FALSE - these enzymes are themselves digested so they cannot help |
|
|
Term
| Nutrition misconceptions - amino acids are better to take than protein because they are easier to absorb? |
|
Definition
| FALSE - body easily handles protein breakdown; one amino acid in excess can overwhelm a transporter |
|
|
Term
| What does low plasma protein levels lead to? |
|
Definition
| EDEMA - hydrostatic pressure pushes more plasma out of vessels than is drawn back in by osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are protein related causes of edema? |
|
Definition
Excess protein loss
Inadequate protein synthesis (liver disease)
Inadequate consumption in the diet |
|
|
Term
| What is the amino acid pool? |
|
Definition
| Supply of TOTAL AMINO ACIDS in the body that can be incorporated into proteins/used for energy |
|
|
Term
| What is nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
| In healthy individuals, want to maintain a nitrogen equilibrium (protein synth = protein breakdown) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether or not a particular protein provides enough ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (only care about essential aa's) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things does protein quality depend on? |
|
Definition
Digestibility - # of amino acids that can be absorbed from a given protein intake; highest in animal food, lowest from plants
AA composition |
|
|
Term
| What is the "limiting aa"? |
|
Definition
| The ESSENTIAL aa that is supplied in less than the amount needed to support protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What types of protein are generally higher in quality animals or plant? |
|
Definition
| ANIMAL protein - more essential aa's in higher amounts, more aa's that can be absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Protein Energy Malnutrition (+2 examples) |
|
Definition
PEM = protein and/or energy deficiency
E.g. = Marasmus, Kwarshiorkor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Dying away"; CHRONIC PEM; severe deprivation of food over long-time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACUTE PEM; rapid protein deficiency or secondary to illness |
|
|
Term
| Effects of chronic vs. acute PEM on body appearance? |
|
Definition
ACUTE - results in children who are thin for their height (wasting); e.g. kwarshiorkor
CHRONIC - results in children who are short for their age (stunting); e.g. Marasmus |
|
|
Term
| Effects of protein & fat intake and cancer risk? |
|
Definition
Elevated fat intake seems to be associated with higher cancer risk
Elevated protein intake does not seem to have an effect on cancer risk |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for protein? |
|
Definition
| 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day for healthy males/females 19+ |
|
|
Term
| What mineral absorption can phytates impair? Who is this particularly bad for? |
|
Definition
Phytates can impair Zn absorption; especially bad for vegetarians, need to be wary
Pescatarians can increase oyster, shrimp intake to account for Zn intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vit B12 is found ONLY in animal derived foods
Vegetarians can get it from tempeh (fermented soy w/ inactive B12) |
|
|
Term
| What nutrient is MOST important to life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of adult body weight does water account for? |
|
Definition
Approximately 60%
Makes up 3/4 weight of lean tissue; less than 1/4 weight of fat |
|
|
Term
| Which groups of individuals have smaller % water weight? |
|
Definition
Females, elderly & obese
Females & obese due to higher % fat (water makes up less weight in fat tissue) |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of water in the body (ICF vs. ECF)? |
|
Definition
ICF = 2/3 of water
ECF = 1/3 of water |
|
|
Term
| What ions are more abundant in the ECF vs the ICF? |
|
Definition
ICF = phosphate, sulfate, potassium
ECF = sodium, chloride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A conscious desire to drink; usually lags BEHIND the body's need for H2O |
|
|
Term
| When does the hypothalamus intiate thirst/drinking? When does it signal to stop? |
|
Definition
Start - When blood becomes more concentrated, when mouth is dry
Stop - When stretch receptors in stomach and volume receptors in heart signal |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of different water % body weight loss? |
|
Definition
1-2% = thirst, fatigue
3-4% = impaired physical performance, flushed skin, urine reduction
5-6% = impaired thinking, headache, increased respiration
7-10% = fainting, dizziness, spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When body water contents are TOO HIGH in all fluid compartments |
|
|
Term
| How much water do we endogenously generate throughout the day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum volume of urine that must be excreted to carry out waste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sources of water loss in the body? |
|
Definition
| GI tract, kidneys, skin (sweat), lungs (respiration) |
|
|
Term
| How much of the daily water loss do the skin/lungs make up approx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average intake/output volume balance of water in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water AI for men vs. women? |
|
Definition
Men = 3.7 L/day
Women = 2.7 L/day |
|
|
Term
| What are the water recommendations for energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
1-1.5 mL/kcal in adults
1.5 mL/kcal in children/athletes |
|
|
Term
| Difference between HARD and SOFT water? |
|
Definition
Hard = high in Mg and Ca
Soft = high in Na or K (Na usually added) |
|
|
Term
| What physiological signals trigger ADH release? |
|
Definition
| Low BV/BP; stimulates ADH release from pituitary - causes thirst & water retention from kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where is renin released from? Where is aldosterone secreted from? |
|
Definition
Renin - from kidney cells
Aldosterone - from adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of renin & aldosterone on the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Both stimulate Na+ reabsorption, leading to water following (get isosmotic fluid reabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| Why water is able to help maintain body temperature? |
|
Definition
| Has a high specific heat capacity - need lots of E to raise T of water |
|
|
Term
| Conductivity of pure vs. ionized water? |
|
Definition
Pure water = poor conductor (no ions)
Ionized water = good conductor (dissolved ions carry charge) |
|
|
Term
| What property of electrolytes helps them dissolve in water? |
|
Definition
| Their ATTRACTION to the dipole present in water molecules (O is slightly negative, H is slightly positive) |
|
|
Term
| Of all ions in the body, which are the most easily lost? |
|
Definition
| Na and Cl - principal ions in the ECF |
|
|
Term
| What kind of ion deficiency could a tumor causing excess aldosterone secretion cause? |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia (excess K+ secretion) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 methods does the body use to regulate pH? |
|
Definition
1) Buffer systems (e.g. bicarb)
2) Respiratory rate (acute management)
3) Kidney excretion of ions (long term management) |
|
|
Term
| What are the AI and UL of Na+? |
|
Definition
AI = 1500 mg
UL = 2300 mg = 1 teaspoon |
|
|
Term
| What are the main ways that vitamins differ from the 3 macromolecules? |
|
Definition
1) Structure - are single units, not polymerized
2) Function - do NOT yield usable energy, but may be important in metabolism
3) Food contents - ingested in mg/ug amounts (not g) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed & used |
|
|
Term
| What does the amount of vitamins available from a given food depend on? |
|
Definition
1) Quantity present
2) Amount that can be absorbed/used by the body (bioavailability) |
|
|
Term
| What is a provitamin? Example? |
|
Definition
Provitamin = inactive precursor of a vitamin
E.g. B-carotene is the provitamin of Vit A |
|
|
Term
| What element can destroy Vit C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many water soluble vitamins are there? |
|
Definition
| 9 - thiamin, riboflav, niacin, biotin, B12, pantotenic acid, B6, folate, Vit C |
|
|
Term
| Why must water soluble vitamins be obtained fairly regularly? |
|
Definition
| Because any excess are filtered out by the kidneys fairly regularly |
|
|
Term
| Can all substances be "toxic"? |
|
Definition
| YES. ALL substances can be toxic if high enough/excessive enough concentrations are used |
|
|
Term
| Difference in absorption between water soluble & fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
Water soluble = directly into blood
Fat soluble = first into lymph, then into blood (after bypassing the liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamin is thiamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of thiamin in the body? |
|
Definition
- Part of coenzyme TTP (energy metabolism)
- Occupies site on neuronal membrane |
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin deficiency is common in alcoholics? Why? |
|
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Common b/c - alcohol gives energy, rather than nutritious foods; alcohol impairs B1 absorption; alcohol enhances B1 excretion in the urine |
|
|
Term
| Severe thiamin deficiency in alcoholics is called....? Symptoms? |
|
Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Disorientation, memory loss, staggering gait |
|
|
Term
| What is thiamin deficiency (non-alcoholic) called? What are the different types? |
|
Definition
Beri beri (B1 deficiency)
Wet Beri Beri - with edema
Dry Beri Beri - muscle wasting, no edema |
|
|
Term
| When can thiamin degradation occur while cooking? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged cooking & heating destroys thiamin - to preserve, cook with little water, steam or microwave for short periods |
|
|
Term
| In what group of foods is thiamin virtually absent from? |
|
Definition
| REFINED foods (is present in small quantities in almost all nutritious foods) |
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin is riboflavin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roles of riboflavin in the body? |
|
Definition
- Coenzyme in many energy metabolism rxns
- Coenzyme = FMN, FAD |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity symptoms of thiamin and riboflavin? |
|
Definition
| NO toxicity symptoms (no symptoms of B1 or B2 excess) |
|
|
Term
| What can destroy riboflavin (B2)? |
|
Definition
Prolonged exposure to UV light or irradiation destroys structure
Contrasting with thiamin, riboflavin IS heat stable |
|
|
Term
| What foods have the greatest contribution of riboflavin to the diet? |
|
Definition
| Milk/milk products; also liver & whole grains are excellent sources |
|
|
Term
| What are vitamins B1, B2, B3? |
|
Definition
B1 = thiamin
B2 = riboflavin
B3 = niacin |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between the two chemical structures of niacin? |
|
Definition
Niacin = nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
Nicotinic acid is converted to nicotinamide = major form in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Roles of niacin in the body? |
|
Definition
| Two main coenzyme forms = NAD, NADP (both for energy metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about niacin that separates it from other B vitamins? |
|
Definition
Can be synthesized in the body from Trp
1 mg niacin = 60 mg of Tryp (60 mg of Trp = 1 mg B3 = 1 Niacin equivalent) |
|
|
Term
| Pellegra is the deficiency of which vitamin? |
|
Definition
NIACIN (B3) deficiency
Symptoms = 4 D's = diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Observed in early 1900s; high corn diet = lots of leucine; Leu inhibits Trp->B3 conversion |
|
|
Term
| Large doses of Niacin & LDL? |
|
Definition
| Large doses of Niacin has been shown to have a pharmaceutical effect which can lower LDL chol |
|
|
Term
| Of Vit B1, B2, B3 which are heat stable? |
|
Definition
B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin)
B1 degrades rapidly in heat |
|
|
Term
| Which B-vitamin is Biotin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What food can induce a biotin deficiency? |
|
Definition
RARE; induced with RAW egg whites - contain AVIDIN (binds to biotin to prevent absorption)
Symptoms - skin rash, hair loss, neurolog impairment, depression |
|
|
Term
| What B-vitamin is pantothenic acid? |
|
Definition
| Vit B5 = pantothenic acid |
|
|
Term
| What coenzyme is pantothenic acid part of? |
|
Definition
| Coenzyme A (CoA) - important in more than 100 steps in energy metabolism rxns |
|
|
Term
| General symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Very rare; "general failure of all body systems" b/c CoA is so necessary for so many reactions |
|
|
Term
| Destruction of pantothenic acid? |
|
Definition
| Canning, freezing, refining |
|
|
Term
| Alternate names of vitamin B6? |
|
Definition
| Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine |
|
|
Term
| Roles of vitamin B6 in the body? |
|
Definition
Part of coenzymes PLP, PMP
Helps make RBCs
Helps convert Trp -> Niacin |
|
|
Term
| Difference in STORAGE for most water soluble vit vs. vit B6? |
|
Definition
| Vit B6 is stored extensively in muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Early symptoms - confusion, depression
Late symptoms - abnormal brainwaves, convulsions
May be induced with excess alcohol consumption; contributes to B6 destruction |
|
|
Term
| Besides EtOH, what else can lead to B6 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Isonicotinic acid hydrazide - used as antibiotic for Tb growth; acts as a B6 antagonist (binds & inactivates B6) |
|
|
Term
| Destruction of vitamin B6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most "food folate" considered to be? |
|
Definition
| Polyglutamate = "bound folate" |
|
|
Term
| Difference between bound vs. free folate? |
|
Definition
Bound folate = polyglutamate
Free folate = monoglutamate; preferred absorption by small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Difference between active vs. inactive folate? |
|
Definition
| Inactive folate = monoglutamate w/ Me group attached |
|
|
Term
| For the Me group to be removed to activate folate, what other B vitamin is necessary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vulnerable about folate absorption? |
|
Definition
It is secreted back into the GI tract w/ bile, so it needs to be repeatedly reabsorbed; vulnerable to GI tract injuries
E.g. Can be lost from EtOH abuse (damages GI tract) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Dietary Folate Calculations? |
|
Definition
100 mg from food + 100 mg from supplements
= 100+170 = 270 mg of DFE
** Fortified foods/supplements multiplied by 1.7 b/c of increased bioavailability** |
|
|
Term
| Recommendations of folate (B9) intake? |
|
Definition
RDA for pregnant women > than other adults
Pregnant = 600 mg DFE
Adults = 400 mg DFE |
|
|
Term
| Risk of folate deficiency during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Increased risk of NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (e.g. spina bifida) |
|
|
Term
| When does the incidence of neural tube defects increase vs. decrease? |
|
Definition
Increase = times of poverty, drought, famine
Decrease = times of prosperity |
|
|
Term
| Folate deficiency pathology? |
|
Definition
Impairment of cell division & protein synthesis - problems replacing RBCs & GI tract epithelium
End up with macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia - large, immature, RBCs (cells cannot divide); reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood? |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to large, immature red blood cell pathology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for folate deficiency? |
|
Definition
Infants fed goat milk (low in folate)
Times of increased cell multiplication - pregnancy, cancer, chicken pox, burns, GI tract damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the vitamin most vulnerable to drug interactions which lead to a secondary deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between folate & heart disease? |
|
Definition
Folate breaks down HOMOCYSTEINE - high levels of homocysteine = high risk of CHD and stroke
Folate in fortified food seems to decrease homocysteine levels, but not risk of MI, CVA, and CVD (no decrease in disease risk) |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between Folate and Vit B12? |
|
Definition
| Depend on each other for activation (B12 removes Me group to activate folate coenzyme; B12 needs this Me group to become activated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HCl and pepsin release B12 from the proteins it is bound to in the food in the STOMACH
B12 binds to intrinsic factor (secreted in stomach), in the small intestine
B12-intrinsic factor complex recognized at the distal end of the small intestine and B12 is absorbed
B12 NEEDS TO be bound to intrinsic factor to be recognized for absorption |
|
|
Term
| What does B12 deficiency usually result from? |
|
Definition
Deficiency in ABSORPTION, not a deficiency in INTAKE
Absorption deficiency due to either lack of HCl secretion, or lack of intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| In what GI pathology is B12 absorption deficiency common? |
|
Definition
| In ATROPHIC GASTRITIS (lack of healthy stomach cells, decreased production of HCl and intrinsic factor) |
|
|
Term
| What is "pernicious anemia"? |
|
Definition
| Blood disorder that reflects a Vit B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor, characterized by large, immature RBCs (similar pathology as folate deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you given folate when B12 is needed? |
|
Definition
| Both deficiencies appear normal to being with, but if a B12 deficiency is present, but folate is given instead, serious neurological conditions can occur |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity with B vitamins? |
|
Definition
| No toxicity seen with any of them according to lecture notes |
|
|
Term
| B12 destruction, folate destruction? |
|
Definition
B12 = destroyed with any amount of microwave heating
Folate = destroyed with cooking, heat, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Where is B12 bioavailability highest? |
|
Definition
In milk & fish
Is almost uniquely found in foods of ANIMAL sources |
|
|
Term
| Cooperative functioning of B vitamins - B2, B6, B3? |
|
Definition
B2 = riboflavin, B6 = pyridoxal, B3 = niacin
B2 coenz = FMN; assists ENZ to convert B6 to PLP
Need both B2 and B6 for the conversion of Trp to Niacin |
|
|
Term
| Choline - what up with that? |
|
Definition
Is a vitamin-like compound that is essential in the diet
Can be made from methionine, but synthesis is insufficient without dietary consumption (essential)
Used by body to make ACh and lecithin (phospholipid) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between inositol/carnitine & choline as vitamin like compounds? |
|
Definition
Inositol/carnitine = made by the body in sufficient amounts (non-essential)
Choline = not synth in sufficient amounts by the body (essential) |
|
|
Term
| Functions of inositol and carnitine? What type of compounds are they classified as? |
|
Definition
Classified as non-essential vitamin like compounds
Inositol = part of CM structures; part of IP3 2nd messenger
Carnitine = transport LCFAs from cytosol to mitochondria for oxidation |
|
|
Term
| Alternate name for vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antioxidant - prevent against oxidative stress
Cofactor in collagen synthesis (collagen = CT needed for tendons, ligs, bones, teeth)
Cofactor in other reactions
Levels increase during stress |
|
|
Term
| What reactions does Vit C act as a cofactor in? |
|
Definition
Collagen syntheiss
Trp to Serotonin (5-HT) conversion
Tyr to Norepinephrine conversion
Assists in making hormones -> synthesis of thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most vitamin C stored in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reactions may mediate vitamin C's ability to treat the common cold? |
|
Definition
| Deactivates histamine (similar to an anti-histamine) |
|
|
Term
| Why is vitamin C difficult to study? |
|
Definition
| Difficult to study in Canada and USA b/c it is usually present enough in diets for optimal health benefits (i.e. very few people are actually deficient naturally) |
|
|
Term
| RDA and UL for Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
RDA women = 75 mg
RDA men = 90 mg
UL = 200 mg (max absorption)
For smokers, increase by 35 mg |
|
|
Term
| When do symptoms of scurvy generally begin to appear (i.e. at what fraction of normal vitamin C levels)? |
|
Definition
| At 1/5 optimal levels of vitamin C, symptoms of scurvy generally appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gums bleed around teeth, BV's under the skin break, hemorrhage due to collagen deficiency, muscle degeneration (including heart) |
|
|
Term
| When does vitamin C toxicity typically arise? |
|
Definition
| When people are taking large supplemental doses |
|
|
Term
| What are "notoriously poor" sources of vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 active forms of vitamin A in the body? |
|
Definition
| Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid (collectively are the "retinoids") |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 active forms of vitamin A in the body? |
|
Definition
| Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid (collectively are the "retinoids") |
|
|
Term
| Conversion between the active forms of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
3 in total - "retinoids" = retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Retinol to retinal conversion is reversible
Retinal to retinoic acid is NOT reversible |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A activity v.s NO vitamin A activity in CAROTENOIDS? |
|
Definition
ACTIVITY = alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanithin
NO ACTIVITY = lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A equivalents from B-carotene? How many Vit A moc can be yielded from a B-carotene molecule? |
|
Definition
12 ug of B-carotene = 1 ug of Vitamin A
If cut in the MIDDLE, then get 2 moc of vit A; if cut elsewhere, only get 1 moc of vit A |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of Vit A in the body? |
|
Definition
Absorbed into lymph (fat soluble)
Stored in liver; carried by retinol-binding protein in bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Major roles of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
Promote vision (maintains the cornea)
Protein synthesis and cell differentiation
Support reproduction & gowth |
|
|
Term
| What protein in the eye is vitamin A part of? What is its function? |
|
Definition
Rhodopsin = pigment moc composed of opsin bonded to a molecule of retinal
When light strikes pigment, changes shape and becomes bleached; change to trans bond and impulse is sent to CNS; cis = active form; trans = inactive |
|
|
Term
| In terms of vitamin A, which retinoid is a biological " chemical dead end" for the visual process? |
|
Definition
Retinoic acid
Visual activity leads to loss of retinal (converted to retinoic acid), and requires replenishment constantly |
|
|
Term
| True or false - most of the body's vitamin A stores are in the retina? |
|
Definition
| FALSE - only 1/1000th of vitamin A in the body is in the retina |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A's roles in reproduction, growth & cell differentiation? |
|
Definition
- Aids in maintaining healthy mucous membrane & epithelium
- Aids in sperm cell development
- Participates in bone remodelling |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
Infectious disease - many immune defenses rely on vit A
Night blindness - early symptom; retina does not have enough retinal, so cannot adapt to bright lights/darkness
TOTAL blindness - xeropthalmia |
|
|
Term
| Difference in pathology of night blindness & total blindness (xerophthalmia) & vit A? |
|
Definition
Night blindness = lack of retinal at BACK of eye (retina)
Total blindness = lack of retinal at FRONT of eye (cornea) |
|
|
Term
| Can B-carotene from foods lead to Vit A toxicity? |
|
Definition
| NO - B-carotene from foods is NOT converted efficiently enough into Vitamin A to cause Vit A toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Effects of excess vit A on the fetus? |
|
Definition
| Can be TERATOGENIC - vit A toxicity can lead to birth defects (most damaging at high amounts before 7th week of pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| What foods are high in vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| Liver, milk, fish liver oil, butter, eggs, fortified margarine |
|
|
Term
| Of all the carotenoids which has the highest Vit A activity? |
|
Definition
| B-carotene (most efficient conversion; 12 ug = 1 ug Vit A = 1 retinol activity equivalent) |
|
|
Term
| Where is Vit D activated? |
|
Definition
Precursor from cholesterol converted by UV light
Activated in liver, then kdineys |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Vit D2 vs. D3? |
|
Definition
D2 - plant foods
D3 - animal foods & skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are members of the "bone making & maintenance team"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does vitamin D raise blood concentrations of certain minerals (calcium & phosphorus)? |
|
Definition
1) Enhance absorption from GI tract
2) Enhance reabsorption from kidneys
3) Enhance mobilization from bones to blood (bone breakdown) |
|
|
Term
| What mineral deficiency can vit D deficiency lead to? |
|
Definition
| Vit D deficiency can lead to a Ca deficiency (increases risk of osteoporosis) |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of vitamin D deficiency? |
|
Definition
Rickets (deficiency in children; bowed legs, bone deformity, enlargements at ends of long bones)
Osteomalacia (deficiency in adults; softening of bones) |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is among the most likely to have toxic effects when consumed in excess? |
|
Definition
VITAMIN D - kidney stones, stenosis of arteries
* NO risk of excess from the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1000 IU supplements daily for fall & winter (adults)
1000 IU supplements YEAR ROUND for - elderly, dark skinned, stay indoors, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D recommendations in those w/ osteoporosis/high risk vs. no osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
w/ or high risk = 800-2000 IU supplement/day
NO osteo:
- Below 50 = 400-1000 IU daily
- Above 50 = 800-2000 IU daily |
|
|
Term
| Guidelines for Vit D intake for supplements in ppl over 50 for Osteoporosis Canada vs. Health Canada? |
|
Definition
Osteoporosis Canada -> 800-2000 IU daily
Health Canada -> 400 IU daily |
|
|
Term
| Alternate name for vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are there 4 different tocopherols, but our body is only concerned with alpha? |
|
Definition
| Alpha-t is the only one with activity in human body; other ones are NOT converted to alpha-t in human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antioxidant
Protects polyunsat fatty acids
May decrease oxidation of LDL to reduce risk of heart disease |
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin E deficiency primarily due to? |
|
Definition
| Usually due to diseases with fat malabsorption (e.g. cystic fibrosis), NOT due to poor intake most often |
|
|
Term
| What blood condition is common with vitamin E deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocyte Hemolysis - RBCs split open due to oxidation of polyunsat fats in membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which toxicity is least common out of all the fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
Phylloquinone (Natural form)
Menadione (Synthetic form) |
|
|
Term
| Where can vitamin K be produced in the body? |
|
Definition
| Can be produced by bacteria in GI tract; absorbed and stored in liver |
|
|
Term
| Roles of vitamin K in the body? |
|
Definition
Activation of proteins involved in blood clotting (deficiency can cause hemorrhagic disease)
Participates in metabolism of bone proteins (e.g. osteocalcin); deficiency may cause decreased bone density |
|
|
Term
| Why do newborns receive a dose of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Due to a sterile GI tract (have no GI bacteria which can produce vitamin K endogenously) |
|
|
Term
| What is the UL of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| NO established UL - toxicity is uncommon |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA/AI for Vit A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arguments against supplements of vitamins? |
|
Definition
Toxicity - excessive amounts
Life threatening misinformation - people think high doses are therapies instead of seeking medical advice
Unknown needs - no one knows ideal supplement
False sense of security |
|
|
Term
| Definition of osteoporosis? Most vulnerable areas? |
|
Definition
Metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass & micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue w/ resulting increase in fragility fractures
Most fragile - hip, spine, wrist
Known as the "silent thief" - bone losses occur without symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Osteoporosis is more prevalent in which gender over the age of 50? |
|
Definition
| More prevalent in women (1/4 women vs 1/8 men over 50) |
|
|
Term
| In what races is osteoporosis specifically common in in women > 50 yrs old? |
|
Definition
| White women & asian women |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of women vs. men of suffering osteoporotic fractures in their lives? |
|
Definition
Women = 1/3; men = 1/5
Fractures from osteoporosis are more common than heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer combined |
|
|
Term
| How many hospital bed days are consumed by osteoporotic fractures? |
|
Definition
| More bed days than stroke, diabetes & heart attack |
|
|
Term
| Some of the symptoms of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Pain in joints/bones
Reduced height
Marked curvature of the spine (kyphosis = hunchback) |
|
|
Term
| What is the greatest predictor for development of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| FAMILY HISTORY of osteoporotic fracture (especially maternal hip fracture) |
|
|
Term
| Modifiable osteoporosis risk factors? |
|
Definition
Low bone mineral density
Low body weight
High EtOH, smoking abuse
Excess caffeine
Diet - low Ca2+ intake |
|
|
Term
Bone Density
What 2 things is bone density determined by? |
|
Definition
Weight of mineral per volume of bone (largely determines strength of bone)
How many mineral atoms are deposited in bone matrix & how porous the matrix is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry - used to measure bone density (use to measure bone mineral density to determine likelihood of fractures) |
|
|
Term
| At what age is young bone healthiest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal Bone vs. Osteopenia vs. Osteoporosis T-scores (as measured by bone mineral density) |
|
Definition
Normal < -1
Osteopenia = between -1 and -2.5
Osteoporosis = worse than -2.5 (less than)
*Mean = average bone density of 25 yr old woman |
|
|
Term
| How often is bone remodelling occurring in a healthy adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of aging on bone remodelling? |
|
Definition
Bone system less efficient - osteoclasts break down bone faster than osteoblasts can rebuild
Ca2+ absorbed less efficiently; less of an ability to activate Vit D by the kidneys, etc. |
|
|
Term
| At what ages do bones stop growing in length in men vs. women? |
|
Definition
Men = 20 yrs old; Women = 16 yrs old
Are almost at peak bone mass |
|
|
Term
| Can activity in childhood increase bone growth? |
|
Definition
| Yes, active children have a 5-15% increase in growth |
|
|
Term
| At which age is peak bone mass reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In their elder years who loses more bone, men or women? |
|
Definition
Women lose more bone (men only lose about 2/3 of what women lose)
*Women can lose up to 45% of bone mass throughout their lifetime |
|
|
Term
| When do men start to typically experience accelerated bone loss? |
|
Definition
| After the age of 65 (much later than in women) |
|
|
Term
| What is a fragility fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fracture that results from MINIMAL trauma, or no identifiable trauma at all (such as a fracture from a fall at standing height or less) |
|
|
Term
| Are most low trauma spinal fractures symptomatic? |
|
Definition
| NO. 60% of these fractures are ASYMPTOMATIC |
|
|
Term
| Appropriate measurement of height? |
|
Definition
No shoes
Heels, buttocks, & back against board, head forward
Measure height after exhalation |
|
|
Term
| How to identify thoracic vs. lumbar fractures? |
|
Definition
Thoracic - occiput to wall distance; > 5cm raises suspicion
Lumbar - rib-pelvis distance; distance between costal margin & pelvic rim; < 2 fingerbreadths raises suspicion |
|
|
Term
| Care gap in osteoporosis & fractures? Key changes that have been made to address these discrepancies? |
|
Definition
Less than 20% of those with fragility fractures are treated & investigated for osteoporosis; vertebral fractures are consistently underdiagnosed
Increased focus on fragility fractures; increased focus on care gap in identification and treatment of high-risk individuals
Paradigm shift - manage patient according to fracture risk, NOT BMD |
|
|
Term
| A _______ is to osteoporosis what a heart attack is to cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What measurements are taken when assessing vertebral fractures? |
|
Definition
Overall height
Rib to pelvis distance (lumbar fractures)
Occiput to wall distance (thoracic fractures/kyphosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the target population for osteoporosis/fracture risk screening? |
|
Definition
| Men & women over the age of 50 |
|
|
Term
| Phamacologic therapies to prevent fractures? |
|
Definition
Bisphosphonates
Anti-resorptives (prevent bone resorption)
Parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| To most consistently improve clinical outcomes, what is the optimal serum level of 25-hydroxy Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended daily calcium intake (in mg)? |
|
Definition
| 1200 mg per day (from diet + supplements combined) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 year fracture risks for low risk, moderate risk, and high risk groups? |
|
Definition
Low < 10% (10 yr)
Moderate (10-20%) (10 yr)
High (>20%) (10 yr) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the potential risks of high Ca2+ supplementation? |
|
Definition
Renal calculi (kidney stones) in older women
Cardiovascular events in older women (may be due to calcification of coronary arteries)
Prostate cancer in older men |
|
|
Term
| What is the "falls risk assessment" a good predictor for? |
|
Definition
| Future falls (well that seemed obvious...) |
|
|
Term
| How can moderate to vigorous physical activity help prevent future fractures? |
|
Definition
Places increased load on the bones -> bones respond by increasing in MASS
Improves our balance & coordination, reduces falling risk |
|
|
Term
| Physical activity to prevent osteoporosis includes both: |
|
Definition
Weight bearing - walking, line dancing, low impact aerobics
Strength training |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of exercise on bone density? |
|
Definition
| NO improvement of bone density |
|
|
Term
| High intensity vs. high impact exercise in osteoporotic individuals? |
|
Definition
| Want high INTENSITY, high impact is not appropriate |
|
|
Term
| What has happened to federal spending on physical activity recently? |
|
Definition
| Peak in 1986, decreasing steadily to 2005, then improved (higher) in 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Guidelines for safe movement in exercising? |
|
Definition
DO NOT bend forward; use knees instead of bending at waist
Avoid twisting torso, avoids pressure on your spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the main goal of good Ca2+ nutrition in individuals with osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Maintain adequate supply so we do not have to dip into our only Ca2+ reservoir (our bones)
Ca2+ and Vit D are adjunct treatments, not sole treatments |
|
|
Term
| Why are dairy sources best for calcium? |
|
Definition
Elemental content is greater
Highest rate of absorption
Low cost for greatest benefit |
|
|
Term
| Calcium guidelines for people < 50 yrs vs. > 50 yrs? |
|
Definition
< 50 = 1000 mg
> 50 = 1200 mg |
|
|
Term
| Most popular calcium supplement on the market? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conversion of vitamin D in the liver vs. the kidney? |
|
Definition
In liver - becomes 25-hydroxy Vit D
In kidney - becomes 1, 25-dihydroxy Vit D (active form) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Mg intake on bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lycopenes & osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Contain carotenoids which are antioxidative - prevent cell damage from oxidative stress (free radicals can increase pathogenesis of osteop.) |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of osteoporosis in men > 50? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 8; decline in bone density is more gradual in men than women |
|
|
Term
| Reasons why osteoporosis is less common in men? |
|
Definition
Men have greater peak bone mass
Men do not experience accelerated loss at menopause like women
Men do not live as long
Men are less likely to fall than elderly women |
|
|
Term
| Relative toxicity of EtOH compared to other alcohols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many organs are affected by alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol's effects on liver cells & fatty acid metabolism? |
|
Definition
Normally hepatocytes use FA's as fuel, pack excess TG's and ship out to other tissues
When EtOH is present, FA's accumulate while the liver breaks down alcohol (impaired ability to metabolize fats) -> leads to fatty liver in heavy drinkers |
|
|
Term
| Conversions of one standard drink (wine vs. hard liquor vs. beer)? |
|
Definition
| 142 mL wine (12%) = 43 mL hard liquor (40%) = 341 mL beer (5%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 40% (divide the proof by 1/2 to get the %) |
|
|
Term
| In alcohol fermentation in yeast, each moc of fermented glucose yields? |
|
Definition
2 moc EtOH
2 moc CO2
2 moc H2O |
|
|
Term
| When is fermentation complete in yeast? |
|
Definition
When the sugar (glucose) has been all used up OR enough EtOH has been produced to inactivate the yeast
* Sugar can be fermented in anaerobic conditions, so O2 is not needed |
|
|
Term
| Why must maling occur in ethanol fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Because yeast requires sugar, not starch -> need to break down starches into simple sugars for the yeast to use |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol requires NO digestion; 10-30% of EtOH is absorbed directly from an empty stomach, can reach brain in 1 min |
|
|
Term
| Where does alcohol breakdown begin & with what enzyme? |
|
Definition
| Begins in the stomach with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| Difference in alcohol breakdown in women vs. men? |
|
Definition
| Women produce less ADH in the stomach, therefore more EtOH reaches the intestines for absorption than in men |
|
|
Term
| Preferential treatment of EtOH in the intestine... |
|
Definition
Rapidly absorbed; gets absorbed/metabolized BEFORE most nutrients
Preferential treatment addresses the following - EtOH cannot be stored, it is potentially toxic |
|
|
Term
| Processing capacity of EtOH by liver cells? |
|
Definition
Liver cells are the only other cells besides stomach cells that produce ADH at an appreciable enough level to breakdown EtOH
LIVER CAN PROCESS 1/2 ounce ethanol per hour (max rate of breakdown is determined by ADH levels present) |
|
|
Term
| Why do you feel increased effects of EtOH when you have not eaten all day (2 reasons)? |
|
Definition
Increased EtOH absorption
Slowed EtOH breakdown (decreased ENZ from protein breakdown) |
|
|
Term
| 2 steps in the breakdown of alcohol... |
|
Definition
ADH - turns EtOH to acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - turns acetaldehyde into acetate (eventually converted to Acetyl-CoA) |
|
|
Term
| What molecule is responsible for picking up the H+ ions produced by the dehydrogenation reactions of alcohol breakdown? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ (becomes NADH, get accumulation of NADH when consuming alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of NADH accumulation during alcohol consumption... |
|
Definition
Accumulation of H+ ions decreses pH (acidity)
Causes lactate production from pyruvate
Slows TCA cycle, build-up of Acetyl CoA; this acetyl CoA becomes fatty acids, leading to "fatty liver" |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of EtOH intake in impairing normal liver function? |
|
Definition
Impaired Vit D activation
Decreased bile production
Decreased gluconeogenesis (making glucose from protein) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of liver deterioration? Is it reversible? |
|
Definition
1st stage = fatty liver
Yes it is reversible if one abstains from drinking |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2nd and 3rd stages of liver disease related to excess alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
2nd = FIBROSIS; still partially reversible
3rd = cirrhosis; hardening of hepatocytes and permanent loss of function |
|
|
Term
| Effects of alcohol consumption and protein in the body? |
|
Definition
Impairs protein synthesis and metabolism, leads to protein depletion
Increases formation of ketone bodies from deaminated amino acids in food
Eating well WILL NOT protect a heavy drinker from protein depletion, need to stop drinking! |
|
|
Term
| What is MEOS? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system; handles 1/5 of EtOH and other drugs |
|
|
Term
| Order of neural responses to alcohol consumption... |
|
Definition
1) Sedates frontal lobe to impair judgement & reasoning
2) Speech & vision centres in midbrain impaired
3) Voluntary muscle control affected
4) Respiration & heart rate are last to be affected |
|
|
Term
| What pituitary hormone does EtOH consumption depress the release of? |
|
Definition
| Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - leads to increased urine production and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| How can alcohol abuse lead to folate deficiency? |
|
Definition
Liver loses ability to retain folate & kidneys increase folate excretion in urine
Normally folate is excreted in bile and reabsorbed in intestines - intestines damaged & decreased folate absorption |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin deficiencies are seen with excess alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
B9 - folate
B1 - thiamin
B6 - pyridoxal, pyridoxine
B12
Vitamin D - lack of activation in liver
Vitamin A - lack of activation in liver |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol Consumption - Low Risk Drinking Guideline #1 |
|
Definition
No more than 10 drinks/week for women (no more than 2 drinks most days)
No more than 15 drinks/week for men (no more than 3 drinks most days) |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol Consumption - Low Risk Drinking Guideline #2 |
|
Definition
Women - drink no more than 3 drinks on any given occasion
Men - drink no more than 4 drinks on any given occasion |
|
|
Term
| What are the major minerals present in the body? Most vs. least? |
|
Definition
7 in total - Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
Ca = most
Mg = least |
|
|
Term
| What are the "trace minerals" present in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals and cooking....what up with that |
|
Definition
CANNOT be destroyed by heat, acid or air
CAN leach into cooking water |
|
|
Term
| Difference in handling between K and Ca in the body? |
|
Definition
K - easily absorbed, transported freely in blood
Ca - requires binding protein for absorption and transportation |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient interactions - Na/Ca and P/Mg |
|
Definition
Na/Ca - when Na intake is high, both are excreted together
P/Mg - P binds Mg to limit absorption |
|
|
Term
What is the AI for Na? UL?
What is its mean intake? |
|
Definition
1500 mg/day = AI
2300 mg/day = UL
Mean intake reported at 3400 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| What is "salt sensitivity"? |
|
Definition
| BP response to salt intake; if salt intake is high, high BP (increased); if salt intake is low, low BP (decreased) |
|
|
Term
| Why is there an emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and low fat milk products in HTN risk individuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Na deficiency usually due to inadequate intake? |
|
Definition
| NO. Usually do to sweating, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the immediate symptoms of Na+ toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's principle cation in the ECF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of K+ deficiency on BP? |
|
Definition
Low K+ intake seems to raise BP
High K+ intake seems to prevent and correct HTN (lower BP) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common electrolyte imbalance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? 2nd most? |
|
Definition
Most abundant = Ca2+
2nd most = phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of calcium toxicity? |
|
Definition
Constipation
Increased risk of renal calculi
Interference of absorption of other minerals |
|
|
Term
| Roles of P in the body (phosphorus)? |
|
Definition
85% found combined with Ca in bones & teeth
Phosphoric acid as a buffer system
Needed for DNA/RNA synth.
Needed for activation of enzymes & B vitamins
Phospholipids need phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| A diet adequate in ____ is usually adequate in phosphate |
|
Definition
| PROTEIN (phosphate comes mainly from animal sources) |
|
|
Term
| Where is most of the body's Mg stored? |
|
Definition
50% in the bones
1% in ECF
49% in muscles/soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the MAJOR role of Mg in the body? |
|
Definition
| Catalyst for chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Mg deficiency? |
|
Definition
Appears that people eat less than recommended, deficiency symptoms are rare
Impaired CNS activity, hallucinations
Growth failure in children |
|
|
Term
| Different ionic states of Fe? |
|
Definition
Fe2+ = ferrous
Fe3+ = ferric
Allows it to function as a cofactor in REDOX REACTIONS |
|
|
Term
| Where is most of the body's iron found? |
|
Definition
Hb - in RBCs
Myoglobin - in muscle cells
Helps accept & carry O2 in both |
|
|
Term
| How is the Fe balance in the body primarily maintained? |
|
Definition
Through absorption (b/c not readily excreted)
Absorption fluctuates to meet needs - more absorbed if stores are low, less if stores are full |
|
|
Term
| What is ferritin? What happens when Fe is needed by the body? |
|
Definition
Fe-storage protein
When needed, Fe is transported from ferritin to transferrin (from mucosal transferr. to blood transfer) |
|
|
Term
| Difference in absorption between HEME and NON-HEME Fe? |
|
Definition
Heme = 25% absorbed
Non-heme = 17% absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Differences between heme and non-heme iron? |
|
Definition
HEME: only from animal derived foods; small amount of dietary iron
NON-HEME: from plant & animal sources; accounts for MAJORITY of dietary iron |
|
|
Term
| Which type of iron accounts for the majority of dietary Fe? |
|
Definition
| NON-HEME (from animal or plant sources) |
|
|
Term
| What factors present in foods can enhance Fe absorption? |
|
Definition
| MFP factor, vitamin C, citric & lactic acids, HCl and sugars |
|
|
Term
| What factors in the diet INHIBIT iron absorption? |
|
Definition
| Phytates, vegetable proteins, polyphenols (coffee, tea, tannins), Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| Typically, is more iron absorbed from a mixed or a vegetarian diet? |
|
Definition
| Mixed is more (18% absorption vs. 10% in veggie) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important factors present in meals that affect iron absorption? |
|
Definition
Vitamin C & MFP (enhance absorption)
Phytates (inhibit absorption) |
|
|
Term
| Where most of the body's iron stored? |
|
Definition
| In ferritin in the liver; also stored in bone marrow and spleen to a lesser degree |
|
|
Term
| If Fe levels are abnormally high, what happens to ferritin (iron storage protein)? |
|
Definition
| Converted to HEMOSIDERIN (releases iron more slowly than ferritin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone regulates iron balance? |
|
Definition
| HEPCIDIN - produced by liver; inhibits intestinal absorption, release from liver, speen and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
1) Iron stores diminish - decrease in serum ferritin
2) Decreased transport of Fe - decrease in transferrin
3) Limited Hb production - HGB |
|
|
Term
| Why are iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia not always the same? |
|
Definition
Fe deficiency - depleted iron stores in the body
Fe deficiency anemia - depleted Fe stores that RESULT IN a low [Hb]; RBCs appear hypochromic (pale) and small (microcytic) |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of RBCs in iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
Microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale)
Can't carry enough O2 because of low [Hb] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pica = craving of NON food substances = clay, chalk, ice
Seen in some iron deficient people |
|
|
Term
| What genetic condition can result in iron overload/toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Hemochromatosis - iron absorption does NOT decrease when iron is not neeeded, builds up to an excess |
|
|
Term
| What form is iron in in supplements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Zn absorption vary from? |
|
Definition
| 15-40% depending on Zn status |
|
|
Term
| 2 options for Zn handling once absorbed into intestinal cells? |
|
Definition
Retained within cell for cell functioning
Retained within cell by METALLOTHIONEIN to later be released into blood |
|
|
Term
| What endocrine organ receives Zn? |
|
Definition
Pancreas
Enteropancreatic circulation of Zn - circulation of Zn from pancreas, to intestine, and back to pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Where does Zn loss primarily occur? |
|
Definition
In the feces mainly
Also - skin, hair, sweat, menstrual fluids, semen |
|
|
Term
| Major transporter for Zn in the blood? |
|
Definition
Albumin
(some Zn also bound to transferrin instead of Fe) |
|
|
Term
| In what populations may Zn deficiency occur? |
|
Definition
Pregnant women, children, elderly, poor
Zn deficiency is rare in developed countries |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Zn deficiency? |
|
Definition
Hinder digestion & absorption - leading to diarrhea and malnutrition
Impaired immune response
Change CNS if chronic
Affect vitamin A metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Zn toxicity can lead to deficiencies in which other minerals? |
|
Definition
| Fe and Cu (due to shared binding sites on transporter proteins; excess displaces the other minerals) |
|
|
Term
| What are most goitres caused by ? |
|
Definition
| LACK of IODINE - to try and make more TSH, thyroid enlarges to form goitre |
|
|
Term
| Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may lead to... |
|
Definition
Cretinism in child - mental & physical retardation
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental retardation/brain damage |
|
|
Term
| What does Se function mainly with in the body? |
|
Definition
| The co-enzyme GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE - prevents free radical formation |
|
|
Term
| What other mineral does Se share some characteristics with? What does this allow for? |
|
Definition
Se is similar to S
Allows it to take S place in some amino acids (Met, Cys) |
|
|
Term
| Selenium deficiency is associated with what disease? |
|
Definition
| KESHAN DISEASE - heart enlargement & insufficiency; Keshan likely caused by a virus, but Se deficiency may predispose |
|
|
Term
| Copper is necessary for the absorption and use of what other mineral? |
|
Definition
Fe
Cu-containing ENZ catalyze oxidation of Fe2+ (ferrous) to Fe3+ (ferric) - needed for Hb formation |
|
|
Term
| Cu containing ENZ have what roles in the body? |
|
Definition
Collagen formation & wound healing
Oxidation of Fe2+ -> Fe3+
Protection against free radicals |
|
|
Term
| Cu - difference between Menkes and Wilson's disease? |
|
Definition
Menke's = Cu deficiency; intestinal cells ABSORB Cu but DON'T release into circulation
Wilson's - Cu accumulates in liver and brain due to excess |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of elimination of Cu? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver, bones, kidneys, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Why is flouride important in tooth maintenance in structure? |
|
Definition
F replaces OH in hydroxyapetite to make fluorapatite which makes bones stronger/teeth more resistant to decay
Often fluoridate drinking water to increase fluoride intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluoride toxicity
Leads to discolouration of tooth enamel; occurs ONLY DURING tooth development, cannot be reversed |
|
|
Term
| What are the contaminant minerals/heavy metals? |
|
Definition
Hg, Pb, Cd - enter food supply by soil, water, pollution
BAD = impair normal body functioning |
|
|
Term
| Which contaminant minerals are structurally similar to Fe and Zn? |
|
Definition
| Pb is similar to Fe, Ca, and Zn - Pb can displace these minerals |
|
|
Term
| How many calories are present in 1 pound of body fat? |
|
Definition
| 3500 kcal = 1 pound of fat |
|
|
Term
| A healthily weighted adult will have energy stores between ____ and ______ kcal? |
|
Definition
| between 50,000 and 200,000 kcal |
|
|
Term
| What are rapid weight changes in the body usually due to? |
|
Definition
| FLUID CHANGES (e.g. taking a diuretic) |
|
|
Term
| Comparison between LONG TERM and SHORT TERM weight loss? |
|
Definition
Long term = 75% fat, 25% lean tissue; (small caloric deficiy; gradual loss)
Short term = 50% fat, 50% lean tissue (severe caloric deficit; much more rapid) |
|
|
Term
| Rapid Weight Loss - Yo-Yo Effect Graph... |
|
Definition
BOTH fat mass and fat free mass influence how much a person eats
Hyperphagia reaches peak when fat mass falls back to 100%; eating returns to previous levels when fat free mass later gets back to 100% |
|
|
Term
| Why does direct calorimetry OVERSTATE the amount of energy the body gets from foods? |
|
Definition
| B/C the body is not that efficient - direct calorimetry measures all heat produced by bond breaking, the body cannot harness all of this energy |
|
|
Term
| Can appetite be experienced without hunger? |
|
Definition
YES
E.g. want dessert after a big meal, sight and smell of dessert triggers APPETITE not hunger
Appetite prompts a person to eat or not eat! |
|
|
Term
| Definition of APPETITE vs. HUNGER |
|
Definition
Appetite - integrated response to sight, smell, thought or taste of food that initiates/delays eating; prompts you to eat or not to eat
Hunger - "painful" sensation caused by lack of food that initiates food seeking behavior |
|
|
Term
| Why may someone receiving total paraenteral nutrition (TPN) have an appetite but not be hungry? |
|
Definition
Are not hungry because they are receiving all necessary nutrients through IV
May complain about appetite because they are not physically eating |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between hunger and climate? |
|
Definition
Cold = increase food intake
Hot = decrease food intake |
|
|
Term
| Anorectic vs. Orexigenic chemicals? |
|
Definition
Anorectic - suppresses appetite or promotes weight loss; promotes a NEGATIVE energy balance (e.g. leptin, insulin)
Orexigenic - something that increases appetite or promotes weight gain (increases hunger/intake) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feeling of satisfaction and fullness DURING a meal that HALTS eating
Determines how much food is consumed during the meal; occurs when stretch receptors in stomach sense volume |
|
|
Term
| Difference between satiation vs. satiety? |
|
Definition
Satiation - feeling of fullness DURING meal; tells us to STOP eating
Satiety - feeling of satisfaction AFTER meal; tells us not to start eating again |
|
|
Term
| What does satiety determine? |
|
Definition
| How much time passes in between meals and when we will eat again |
|
|
Term
| What is sensory specific satiety? |
|
Definition
SSS - phenomenon that we tend to get bored of a food as we eat it; after we eat a food, its pleasantness decreases
More variety in food = more consumption |
|
|
Term
| How has it been shown that portion size does matter? |
|
Definition
People going to a movie theatre still at 33% more STALE popcorn when it was in a large as supposed to a medium container (larger increase for fresh popcorn)
Large packages & portion size lead to overeating |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between feeling of "fullness" and portion size... |
|
Definition
| Despite the increased intake with larger portion sizes, individuals with larger portions do not report increased levels of fullness! |
|
|
Term
| Bottomless bowl study...... |
|
Definition
Biased cue (bottomless bowl) vs. accurate cue (normal bowl)
When people estimated the amount of calories they ate comapred to the actual amount, was a HUGE discrepancy for the biased cue (bottomless bowl)
Despite eating more, their estimation of calories was the same as the control group (did not feel any more full) |
|
|
Term
| Which energy yielding macronutrient is the most satiating? |
|
Definition
| PROTEIN (greatest power to suppress hunger & inhibit eating) |
|
|
Term
| Besides protein, which other nutrients aid in sustaining satiation? Conversely, which nutrient can stimulate appetite? |
|
Definition
Lipids and fibre (both take longer to empty the stomach) maintain satiation
FRUCTOSE (in sugary drinks) can actually stimulate appetite |
|
|
Term
| Effect of fat on SATIETY vs. SATIATION |
|
Definition
Fat provides LITTLE satiation during meal, but strong SATIETY after the meal when it reaches intestines
CCK release in intestines triggers satiety |
|
|
Term
| ________ correlates directly with a food's satiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of peptide is Neuropeptide Y in terms of appetite? |
|
Definition
| It is OREXIGENIC - initiates eating, increases fat storage, causes carb cravings, decreases energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
| Where does most energy expenditure come from? |
|
Definition
| Basal metabolic rate (2/3 of the total E expenditure daily) |
|
|
Term
| Total body energy expenditure = ... |
|
Definition
Basal metabolic rate
Physical activity
Food consumption (TEF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the general relationship between weight & BMR? |
|
Definition
Increased weight = increased energy expended on BMR OVERALL
HOWEVER, amount of energy expended PER POUND may be lower (may be a lower rate per pound, but greater overall expenditure) |
|
|
Term
| What is a person's lean body mass equal to? |
|
Definition
| Weight of the body minus fat |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of environmental temperatures on BMR? |
|
Definition
| Both heat AND cold RAISE your BMR (BMR increases in either instance) |
|
|
Term
| What processes cause BMR to slow down? |
|
Definition
Fasting - body conserves fuel stores
Malnutrition
Age (decrease at 2% per decade) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between BMR and RMR? Which is generally higher? |
|
Definition
BMR has more stringent conditions (12 hour fast, sleep, no activity, comfortable setting), whereas RMR requires less strict conditions on food intake and activity
Usually use RMR in studies; generally RMR is slightly higher than BMR |
|
|
Term
| What is the thermic effect of food? |
|
Definition
When a person eats, GI tract muscles speed up activity, increased energy produces heat = THERMIC EFFECT
Usually about 10% of intake |
|
|
Term
| Thermic effect of food for fats vs. carbs vs. protein vs. alcohol? |
|
Definition
Fat = 0-5%
Carbs = 5-10%
Protein = 20-30%
Alcohol = 15-20% |
|
|
Term
| Effect of alcohol on appetite? |
|
Definition
Usually when sufficient calories are consumed, body decreases appetite - NOT the case with alcohol
Alcohol can stimulate appetite, perhaps through a decrease in leptin levels |
|
|
Term
| Why do women generally have a lower BMR than men? |
|
Definition
| B/c of a lower lean body mass (recall that lean mass burns more calories) |
|
|
Term
| Do changes in body weight allow one to assume there has also been a change in body fat? |
|
Definition
| NOT necessarily. Don't know what composition changed - might be fat, might be lean tissue (water) |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for BMI? |
|
Definition
| BMI = weight (kg)/ height (m2) |
|
|
Term
| BMI ranges for different groupings? |
|
Definition
Underweight < 18.5
Normal = 18.5-24.9
Overweight = 25-29.9
Obese > 30 |
|
|
Term
| Does BMI reflect body composition? |
|
Definition
NO. Just body weight and body height
Therefore, not appropriate if under 18 yrs old, pregnant women, some athletes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| High levels of visceral fat are usually called... |
|
Definition
| CENTRAL OBESITY (intra-abdominal fat accumulation) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between visceral vs. subcutaneous fat? |
|
Definition
Subcutaenous - directly under skin
Visceral - stored w/in abdominal cavity w/ internal abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the most practical indicator of abdominal fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waist circumference & risk of developing health problems... |
|
Definition
102 cm for men; 90 cm for men of South Asian/Chinese descent
88 cm for women; 80 cm for women of South Asian/Chinese descent |
|
|
Term
| Outlines to measuring your waist... |
|
Definition
Exhale to let all air out
Put tape around waist, between bottom of ribs and top of hips
Keep tape parallel to floor |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrodensitometry used for? |
|
Definition
Measure body density
Weigh person on land, then in water; use equation to calculate body density & body fat |
|
|
Term
| People with abnormally high BMI's have the greatest increase in relative risk to which disease? |
|
Definition
| DMII (for both men & women) |
|
|
Term
| Most people with type II DM suffer from _______ obesity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
Diagnosed with a combination of three or more certain health risks:
High BP
High blood glucose
Excess body weight
Low levels of HDL
High levels of triglycerides
Co-morbid risk factors in this syndrome have a synergistic effect (increases the risk much more when in combination) |
|
|
Term
| Increased levels of triglycerides correspond to concentrations greater than....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are considered "low" levels of HDL for men vs. women? |
|
Definition
MEN = low is less than 1 mM
WOMEN = low is less than 1.3 mM |
|
|
Term
| Overweight people who are physically fit have a lower risk of health problems than normal people who are unfit - TRUE or FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the # of fat cells in the body increase the most rapidly? What happens after this? |
|
Definition
During growth spurt of early adolescence
# increases only when there is a positive energy balance
Obese people have MORE and LARGER fat cells than normal weight people |
|
|
Term
| Comparaison between fat cells of obese vs. normal weight people? |
|
Definition
| OBESE people have MORE and LARGER fat cells |
|
|
Term
| When you have negative energy expenditure (energy out exceeds energy in) what happens to the #/size of fat cells? Positive energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
If negative - the # STAYS THE SAME, but the fat cells shrink
If positive - the fat cells expand first, which signals for the # to increase (get increase in size and #) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The adverse effects of fat on NON-adipose tissue; damage to other organs of body |
|
|
Term
| LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity in obese vs. normal weight people... |
|
Definition
| LPL has increased activity in obese individuals, making fat storage more efficient |
|
|
Term
| Where is LPL expressed to the greatest extent in women vs. men? |
|
Definition
Women - Breasts, thighs, hips (largest fat depositing areas)
Men - Trunk (Abdomen) |
|
|
Term
| Why is it more difficult for women to lose fat? |
|
Definition
| Because basal fat oxidation is lower in women |
|
|
Term
| Release of lower body fat in men vs. women? |
|
Definition
Release of lower body fat is LESS active in women than in men
Release of upper body fat is the same |
|
|
Term
| What is the set point theory and how does it relate to being overweight/obese? |
|
Definition
Theory - body tends to maintain a certain set point of the weight by its own internal controls
After weight loss or gain, body adjusts metabolism to RE ATTAIN original weight (after weight gain, expenditure increases; after weight loss, expenditure decreases) |
|
|
Term
| What is Prader-Willi Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Genetic disorder characterized by excessive appetite, massive obesity & short stature (genetic cause of obesity) |
|
|
Term
| Where is leptin produced and where does it act? |
|
Definition
| Produced by fat cells, acts as a hormone primarily in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What type of hormone is LEPTIN in reference to its effects on energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
| It is ANORECTIC - decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure = promotes a NEGATIVE energy balance |
|
|
Term
| What happens to leptin levels when body fat increases or decreases? |
|
Definition
| Moves in same direction as change in fat - if increased fat, then increased leptin; and same vice versa |
|
|
Term
| Where is Ghrelin produced/where does it act? What are its effects? |
|
Definition
Ghrelin is produced mainly by stomach cells, acts in the hypothalamus
Enhances appetite, decreases energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
| What are the relative levels of ghrelin before/after a meal? |
|
Definition
| Levels usually rise before a meal, and fall rapidly following one |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ghrelin? |
|
Definition
Maintain a STABLE body weight
High levels - promotes a negative energy balance
Low levels - promotes positive energy balance |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in the two types of fat? |
|
Definition
White - stores fat for other cells to use for energy
Brown - releases stored energy as heat (fat oxidation); very small quantities present (<1% in humans) |
|
|
Term
| Environmental causes of obesity... |
|
Definition
Over eating
Physical inactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-exercise activity thermogenesis; important role in weight management |
|
|
Term
| Which mental disorders have the highest mortality rate? |
|
Definition
| Eating disorders (10-20% die eventually from complications) |
|
|
Term
| In women between 15-25, is anorexia or bulimia more prevalent? |
|
Definition
Bulimia (3-5%) is more prevalent than anorexia (1-2%)
According to 1993 survey, pretty sure this is outdated |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what %age of women will be affected by an eating disorder in their lifetime (lifetime prevalence)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of individuals are most likely to develop eating disorders (not women)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "female athlete triad"? |
|
Definition
| Syndrome where eating disorders, amenorrhea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis) are present |
|
|
Term
| What % of female athletes will develop amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "muscle dysmorphia"? |
|
Definition
| Psychiatric disorder concerning obsession with building body mass |
|
|
Term
| What is "central" to an anorexia nervosa diagnosis? |
|
Definition
Distorted body image (cannot be self diagnosed)
Also need - malnutrition & denial |
|
|
Term
| The protein energy malnutrition seen in anorexia nervosa is similar to what other PEM deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
Restricting type - no binging/purging
Binge/purge type |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for diagnosis of anorexia (DSM-IV) |
|
Definition
Refusal to maintain healthy body weight; body weight less than 85% of expected
Intense fear of becoming fat or gaining weight, even when under weight
Disturbance in self perception of body image
Amenorrhea (absence of at least 3 straight menstrual cycles) |
|
|
Term
| Criteria to diagnose bulimia nervosa (DSM-IV) |
|
Definition
Binge eating episodes - eating in a discrete amount of time a larger portion than most would eat, sense of lack of control while eating
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain
Binge eating & compensation occurs on average 2 times per week for 3 months
Two types - purging vs. non purging |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical consequences of the binge-purge cycle? |
|
Definition
Subclinical malnutrition
Physical effects - tooth erosion, red eyes, calloused hands |
|
|
Term
| Contrast binge-eating disorder w/ bulimia nervosa? |
|
Definition
In BE disorder, periodic binging with NO purging
Bulimia nervosa - consume less during a binge, less restraint with dieting
Binge eating IS NOT THE SAME as obesity |
|
|
Term
| Negative effects of St. John's Wort? |
|
Definition
Can inhibit 5-HT uptake, suppressing appetite
Often combined with ephedrine |
|
|
Term
| What alkaloids are found in the Ephedra herbs? What are their effects? |
|
Definition
| Ephedrine & pseudoephedrine - stimulate CNS and CVS; causes bronchodilation in lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is ephedrine normally used for in Canada? |
|
Definition
| Used for short periods of time as a nasal decongestant |
|
|
Term
| What is ephedrine warned against being used for? What is it often combined with in these mixtures? |
|
Definition
NOT for - weight loss, energy increase, body building, euphoria
Usuall are ephedrine mixed w/ stimulants |
|
|
Term
| Effect of laxatives on calorie absorption? |
|
Definition
| NO DECREASE in cal absorption b/c absorption occurs in upper GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What is sibutramine used to treat? Clinical trials showed? |
|
Definition
Used to suppress appetite by inhibiting 5-HT reuptake (used to treat obesity)
Taken off market with increased incidence of cardiac adverse effects; saw weight was significantly reduced compared to placebo, but weight was regained when therapy stopped |
|
|
Term
| What is orlistat used to treat? What are its functions? |
|
Definition
Used to treat obesity
Inhibits pancreatic & gastric lipase, therefore fats remain undigested and cannot be absorbed
Inhibits fat absorption by about 30% |
|
|
Term
| What are the thin suction tubes in liposuction called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "lap band" procedure? |
|
Definition
Used to treat obesity
Silicone band is placed at junction between esophagus & stomach; silicone ring is filled w/ saline
Gives restrictive & malabsorption method to weight loss - creates a MINI STOMACH by dividing the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What GI structures are altered in the Lap Band procedure? |
|
Definition
Stomach is divided into a MINI STOMACH (can only hold 2-3 bites of food) by the lap band (silicone ring)
Intestines are cut 1 and 1/2 feet beyond stomach and attached to pouch to connect and give path to food (bypass entire duodenum & part of jejunum) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass? |
|
Definition
Bypasses the duodenum (major site of Ca, Mg, Fe absorption); more food moves into large intestine to be released
Digestive juices still produced in lower stomach and move into intestines |
|
|
Term
| What is a reasonable weight loss goal? |
|
Definition
Between 0.5 to 2 lbs per week
OR
10% body weight loss over 6 months |
|
|
Term
| To lose 1 lb per week, what is the typical caloric deficit? |
|
Definition
| -500 kcal per day (below energy needs) |
|
|
Term
| What foods are good for people eating for weight loss? |
|
Definition
| High fibre, low fat foods - have a low energy density (lots of volume, fewer calories) |
|
|
Term
| What types of carbohydrates should be avoided for people on weight loss diets? |
|
Definition
Refined carbohydrates/sugars should NOT be eaten
Stick to whole grains |
|
|
Term
| Problems w/ the cabbage soup diet? |
|
Definition
Very little protein
Decreased Ca2+
Very low fat (still need essential fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the volumetrics diet? |
|
Definition
Focus on large hot soups w/ lots of vegetables & salads
PRINCIPLE = decreased energy density |
|
|
Term
| What negative metabolic effect occurs in LOW carb diets? |
|
Definition
KETOSIS
Body uses protein for gluconeogenesis (b/c no carbs); fat changed into ketone bodies (metabolic acidosis)
Increased urine production, lots of water loss, but NOT fat loss |
|
|
Term
| How does physical activity contribute to energy expenditure indirectly? |
|
Definition
Metabolism remains elevated after exercise
Long term - more lean muscle develops, which increases BMR |
|
|
Term
| National Weight Control Registry - what's dat? |
|
Definition
Registry of people who have lost at least 30 lbs and kept it off for at least 1 year
42% reported that maintaining weight loss was LESS difficult than losing the weight to begin with |
|
|
Term
| National Weight Control Registry study... |
|
Definition
3 groups of subjects keeping off weight lost - On own, In organization, Liquid formula
Liquid formula group - said weight maintenance was more difficult than losing weight
On own - expended more cal through strenuous exercise
Despite differences, ALL GROUPS maintained weight loss by eating a low calorie diet (1400) and engaging in high levels of physical activity |
|
|
Term
| In order to gain weight, what should be the energy balance? |
|
Definition
| +500 kcal per day (surplus) |
|
|
Term
| Self reporting of height in men vs. women? |
|
Definition
| Men more likely to overestimate their HEIGHT |
|
|
Term
| Self reporting of weight in men vs. women? |
|
Definition
| Women more likely to underreport their weight |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between self-reporting of weight w/ BMI? |
|
Definition
Under-reporting tends to increase with INCREASING BMI
See higher obesity & overweight rates in measured vs. self-reported studies |
|
|
Term
| In 2010 how many adults (percentage & raw number) were considered obese? How does this compare to 2009 data? |
|
Definition
18.1 % (4.5 million adults)
UNCHANGED from 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Change in obesity rates from 2003 to 2010? |
|
Definition
Men = 16% to 19.8%
Women = 14.5% to 16.5% |
|
|
Term
| Change in overweight rates from 2003 to 2010? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what provinces were the obesity rates lower vs. higher than the national average? |
|
Definition
Lower = Quebec, British Columbia
Higher = Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Saskatchewan |
|
|
Term
| In both sexes, which age group has the lowest obesity rate? |
|
Definition
| Between 18 and 19 yrs of age |
|
|
Term
| In the middle aged groups (20-54) which gender is more obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
