Term
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Definition
| forecasting terrible disaster |
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Term
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Definition
| an understanding between two or more nations |
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Term
| What two kinds of revolution at the beginning of the 1800s caused many people to feel optimistic about life at the beginning of the 1900s? |
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Definition
industrial revolution
democratic revolution |
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Term
| Why were tensions beginning to rise in industrialized nations in the early twentieth century? |
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Definition
| - industrial nations competed to see which country could build the most productive factories, the richest colonies, and the most powerful military |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary |
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Term
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Definition
| France, Russia, Great Britain |
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Term
| Why were alliances between countries created? |
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Definition
| - to keep the peace and strengthen security |
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Term
| Why did people in colonies begin to demand freedom from imperial rule in the early 1900s? |
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Definition
- they began developing nationalist feelings of their own
- they were motivated by resentment against their foreign rulers and pride in their own countries |
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Term
| In 1914, a ___ nationalist assassinated Archduke _____ (the heir to the ____ throne) while he was visiting ___, the capital of Bosnia. |
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Definition
| Bosnian, Franz Ferdinand, Hasburg, Sarajevo |
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Term
| When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia? |
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Definition
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Term
| On August 1, Germany declared war on _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| On August 3rd, Germany declares war on ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| guns too large to be fired from the hand or shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| the diameter of an artillery shell or bullet |
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Term
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Definition
| explosive shells used during World War 1, so named because their caliber was 5.9 inches |
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Term
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Definition
| scouting ahead to survey enemy territory |
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Term
| Why did the British believe that their boys would be "home by Christmas"? |
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Definition
| The felt sure that their Navy, the most powerful in the world, would easily destroy the Germans and break their economy by blockading their ports. |
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Term
| Why did the French believe the war would be a quick victory? |
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Definition
| The French had built massive barricades on their eastern border. |
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Term
| Why did Germany believe they would quickly defeat the Triple Entente? |
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Definition
| They had the most powerful army in Europe. |
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Term
| Why were the Germans slowed upon invading France? |
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Definition
| When German soldiers marched into Belgium, Belgium soldiers and civilians (and later the British) fought back, slowing down the troops. |
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Term
| The trench lines on the Western Front extended from __ to __. |
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Definition
| Switzerland, English Channel |
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Term
| About how many miles away from Moscow were the Central Powers at their farthest advance on the Eastern Front? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which was longer...the Eastern Front of the Western Front? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trench warfare was when both sides dug trenches along a front and shelled each other with artillery |
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Term
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Definition
| a vast area of land where trees had been blasted away leaving no room for cover; covered in buried land mines; barbed wire snaked across the land |
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Term
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Definition
| mud, ice, rats, foul air, and hardly any fresh food made life in the trenches miserable |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group |
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Term
___ : German forces defeat advancing Russians
October 1914: ____ joins the Central Powers
____: ___ takes command of the Russian army
British forces land at Galli Poli |
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Definition
August 1914
the Ottoman Empire
1915: Tsar Nicholas ll |
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Term
| The ___ accused the Armenians of cooperating with the ____. In retaliation, the Ottomans executed tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. More than a million Armenians died. This came to be known as the ____. |
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Definition
| Ottomans, Russians, Armenian Massacre |
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Term
| What group of people, who were seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire in the years prior to and during the Great War, did Thomas Edward Lawrence enlist as allies in the fight against the Ottoman Empire? |
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Definition
| the Arabs of Egypt, Arabia, and Syria |
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Term
| After Britain won the Battle of Jutland, the British navy became in control of ___-- they could blockade ____, making it difficult for food and help to reach the Central Powers. |
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Definition
European waters
German North Sea ports |
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Term
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Definition
| self-governing nations in the British Empire |
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Term
| What were some of the changes in civilian during the war? |
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Definition
- many women joined the workforce
- food was rationed
- the woman's suffrage movement got a boost
- union leaders and businessmen were included in the planning of wartime industries |
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Term
| What were some of the changes in government during WW1? |
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Definition
- governments used propaganda to encourage civilian support for the war
- governments controlled the economies of their nations (planned economies)
- governments recognized women's contributions and granted them the right to vote |
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Term
| What role did propaganda play in the war? |
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Definition
| Governments used propaganda, such as newsreels and posters, to encourage popular support for the war. |
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Term
| biased information designed to rouse emotions |
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Definition
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Term
| economies largely planned and controlled by government |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a war in which the opposed nations use virtually every resource they possess to keep up the fight, involving every citizen in the effect |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did nations refuse to seek truce during World War l? |
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Definition
| The thought that seeking peace would be unpatriotic and weak. |
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Term
| By 1917, which side seemed worse off-- the Central Powers or the Allies? |
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Definition
the Allies;
- mutinies had broken out in the French army
- German submarines attacked British ships attempting to starve the island into surrender
- Russia faced huge casualties and revolution had broken out in the empire |
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Term
| What were the Russian tsars trying to gain when they went to war with Sweden and the Ottoman Empire in the late 1600s? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four climate zones make up most of Russia and the former Soviet republics? |
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Definition
| tundra, subarctic, cool summer, semiarid steppe |
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Term
| In Russia, in what climate are the highest population densities found? Why? |
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Definition
| Cool summer; It is more suitable for human population/habitation. |
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Term
| someone who rejects any ruling authority or established order |
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Definition
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Term
| councils set up by Russian workers beginning in 1905 |
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Definition
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Term
| What were some of Russia's achievements in the late nineteenth century? |
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Definition
- Trans-Siberian Railroad
- was one of the world's leading producer's of oil
- Peter Tchaikovsky
- universities in Moscow and St. Pettersburg
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Term
| wanted no government at all |
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Definition
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Term
| wanted a constitutional monarchy |
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Definition
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Term
| wanted a powerful state running the economy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| German philosopher who predicted a revolt of workers against factory owners |
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Definition
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Term
| Marxist who worked for a communist revolution in Russia |
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Definition
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Term
| Brilliant writer and speaker who became the number two man in the Bolshevik party |
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Definition
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Term
| Romanov tsar who held the Russian throne but abdicated in 1917 |
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Definition
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Term
| Young, loyal follower of Lenin who was tough and ruthless |
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Definition
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Term
| On a Sunday in January 1905, thousands of workers marched to the tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. They carried a ___ asking for __ improvements and ___ change. This was prompted, in part, by the war that Russia was losing to ___. |
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Definition
| petition, economic, Japan |
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Term
| Russian workers and Tsar Nicholas ll responded to Bloody Sunday, which signaled the start of the 1905 revolution. What did they do? |
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Definition
Russian workers: went on strike, set up councils called "soviets"
Tsar: created an elected parliament called the Duma, but then refused to cooperate with it |
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Term
| In early 1917, unrest in the Russian military and civilian population led to ___ and ___. |
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Definition
1. more demonstrations by the worker's councils-- the Soviets
2. Tsar Nicholas ll, after seeing that his troops would not fire on the demonstrators, gave up power |
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Term
| factory laborers and others who work for wages |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the Communist Party adopt atheism as an official policy of the state? |
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Definition
| Lenin and Marx, believed that religion was the "the opium of the people". Lenin believed that there was no room for faith in God or freedom or religion. Lenin was trying to ensure that the church could not threaten his dictatorship. |
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Term
| a truce that brings an end to fighting before the official signing of a peace treaty |
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Definition
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Term
| a solemn, binding agreement or promise |
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Definition
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Term
| supreme power over a nation |
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Definition
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Term
| Most Americans, at first, wanted to stay out of the war...why? |
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Definition
| Most Americans viewed the war as a nasty European fight and did not want to get involved. |
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Term
The following are three reasons America declared war on Germany in April 1917:
- ____, such as the burning of the Belgian town of Louvain
- the sinking of the ____ by German submarines
- Germany resumed _____ and started to sink American cargo ships |
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Definition
astrocities
Lusitania
unrestricted submarine warfare
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Term
| What were the total number of combatants killed during WWl? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two nations faced the largest number of casualties? |
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Definition
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Term
| Today, the British celebrate November 11th as ____. In the US, it is called ___. |
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Definition
Rememberence Day
Veterans Day |
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Term
| What was the effect of the Great War on the infrastructure of France and Belgium? |
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Definition
| The infrastructure in France and Belgium was devastated. Villages, towns, and farms were wrecked. |
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Term
| By 1918, the fighting cost Britain and Germany about ____ an hour. |
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Definition
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Term
| sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans |
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson (United States) |
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Term
| governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise |
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Definition
| David Lloyd George (Great Britain) |
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Term
| intent on punishing Germany severely |
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Definition
| Georges Clemenceau (France) |
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Term
| The first major battles of World War I occurred __________. |
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Definition
| when Germany invaded Belgium in a strategy to quickly defeat France |
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Term
| What was the situation on the Eastern Front in the early part of 1915? |
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Definition
| The Turks, Germans, and Austrians joined forces to drive Russian troops back to Russian territory. |
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Term
| What led to the construction and use of trenches in combat? |
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Definition
| the inability of either side to make significant advances in Belgium and France |
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Term
| Which of the following is one of the earliest examples of genocide? |
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Definition
| the massacre of thousands of Armenians |
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Term
| What happened when World War I escalated and became “total war"? |
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Definition
| Nations passed laws restricting some civil rights. |
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Term
| What is the course of flow of most Russian rivers? |
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Definition
| north, into the Arctic Ocean |
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Term
| Why was the Trans-Siberian railroad built? |
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Definition
| to ship valuable natural resources from Siberia to supply Russia’s growing cities |
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Term
| Why does most of eastern Russia have a low population density? |
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Definition
| Most of the region is located within tundra and subarctic climate zones. |
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Term
| Why was Russia struggling to modernize at the end of the nineteenth century? |
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Definition
| Russia’s leaders and nobility had resisted social change. |
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Term
| What happened in Petrograd in November 1917? |
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Definition
| Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, revolted and took power from the Provisional Government. |
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Term
| Why didn’t the Russian Revolution come to an end once Lenin came to power and launched his communist program? |
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Definition
| The Bolsheviks, or Reds, fought a bloody civil war against the Whites. |
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Term
| Who became the first leader of the USSR? |
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Definition
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Term
| The economies of many European nations were devastated at the end of World War I for all of the following reasons except __________. |
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Definition
| they could no longer trade with the United States because of the depression there |
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Term
| Why did France want provisions in the Versailles peace treaty for making Germany as weak as possible? |
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Definition
| to assure that Germany would not be able to threaten France in the future |
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