1265-1321

Advocated authoritative monarchies, state ruled by power, believed in peace settlements of disputes, first to recognize importance of diplomacy

1469-1527

exiled from Florence, wrote The Prince written to tell princes how to govern, advocate for power, emphasized reality, war is not good or bad its reality

1564-1642

perfectioned the telescope, proved that the Earth rotated around the sun

1643-1727

Deism, bridged religion and science, credited God for the perfect universe (built the universe and set it free)

1483-1546

critical of the church, nailed 95 feces on church door, inspired Protestant religion, invited individuals to be pious (direct relationship with God), challenged hiearchy of church, individualism rather than institutionalism

1509-1547

made himself the highest authority of the church (Anglican chuch), localized church, beginning of national churches

meaning: rebirth

started in Italy

-rebirth of commerce generating wealth, letters and art

-reborn from classical period

-rebirth of science and technology

-advent of exploration

-invention of printing press (Gutenburg) in Germany

-liberalization

-began in Northern Germany (less commited to Catholicism)

-questioning of the church and its practices

-Luther

1) Bubonic Plague (people turned to church but still died)

2) clergy's innability to answer Q's- not educated

3) sale of indulgences to finance crusade

4) discouraged people to have direct relationship with God

-index of Prohibited Books (1529-1966) --> censorship

-Papal Inquisition --> find Protestants and change them

-council of Trent

1545-1563

-meeting of Church officials to address problem of Protestants, came up with 4 solutions:

1) enhanced/ increased power of Pope

2) priests had to be educated

3) limited sales of indulgences

4) said Protestants were wrong, argued every position

1540

St. Ignatious of Loyola saved catholicism, started tradition of missionary religious Catholic work, run in hierarchy with strict rules and clear goals, greatest reason of success of Catholic reformation

1643-1715

The Sun King, wanted to be the most powerful, the centre, made himself the state, unified church and state, cultish attitude and following, very well educated, created God like figure of himself, every monarch followed him in Europe, wanted absolute power and had Pallace of Versaille to hold this

1588-1679

social contract, in favour of absolutism to protect man from eachother, tutor of Charles II

1632-1704

agreed with social contract, man needed to be protected from authority: life, liberty, property, all rights are subject to reasonable limits

1711-1776

scientist, very much in keeping traditions of enlightenment, believed in scientific method to understand nature

Montesquieu

1689-1755

dealt with power of government, made sure that gov was never oppressive/ abusive, believed power had to be divided, seperated, balanced between legislative (writes), executive (applies), judicial (judges)

1712-1778

criticized overly structured nature of human analysis, in favour of man's emotional side (sentimentalism)

in power 1653-1658

took power after Charles I, entered parliament with army in coup d'etat, became Lord Protector and created dictatorship, no longer monarchy

ruled 1660-1685

took over after Cromwell died, England started to fall apart so decided it needed a King again, peace restored in England

1685

replaced Charles II when he died, Charles II's Catholic brother, English unhappy and subsequently started Glorius Revolution

1774

argued the Quebec Act

1776

created army, Thomas Jefferson

1781

British defeated, write articles of Confederation

1783

recognized idependence of American colonies and their lands, happened there because of enlightenment

1791

established constitutional tradition where by Americans could ammend constitution with enough support

3 assemblies: 1st estate (clergy), 2nd estate (aristocracy), 3rd estate (bourgoisie), alliance between 1st and 2nd, did not see eye to eye with 3rd

1st and 2nd was conservative, 3rd was liberal, 3rd estate had demands, protests, grievances so King XVI decided to close Estates General

1789

France in a state of fear, people and establishment turned on eachother throughout country

1789

one of the most influencial documents in Western history, declared sovereignty of the people, freedom and rights

-women did not get rights, considered domestic

1790

French Catholic, reduced power of clergy, amde church department of state, took away lands, under authority of state, denounced by the Pope

1791

king's power limited, could delay laws but didn't have power to pass them, external figure head, internal power given to National Assembly

1792

constituted when King was killed, more powerful than National Assembly, very divided (beginning of political parties) --> Jacobins (radical revolutionaries), Girodins (moderate revolutionaries)

1793

period of insecurity, fear, turning on eachother, terrorized by Robespierre (leader of Jacobins), killed by the people

1795-1799

weak governmentof 5 executives, 5 directors, 5 heads of state, 2 reps of assembly (divided as much as possible), lasted 4 years because defended by military

1801

Napoleon made peace with the Catholic church

1) RC church recognized but not made official religion

2) other religions were tolerated

3) clergy had to swear oath to support state

4) state inherited when church was abolished

5) religious holidays returned

governing instructions

1) written

2) consistant across France

3) could be applied during his absense

1805

Napoleon's attempt to invade England, British won, naval battle, France had no more navy and Britain breathed sigh of relief

1807

Napoleon decided to starve Britain by turning rest of Europe against them, economic warfare, disallowing imports

nationalism turned against Napoleon, European countries welcomed Napoleon as liberator and then turned against him (Spain, Germany)

1) political stability (confident after glorius revolution)

2) economy (worked from ground up, farming innovations, more food available so people wanted to move to cities)

3) demographics (urbanization, textile industry, exponential pop growth)

4) technology

long hours, poor ventilation, poor lighting, dirty working conditions

crowded living spaces

poor plumbing (open sewers)

families divided (women and children pressed for their rights)

movement to destroy machines started by Ned Lud

legislation - improved work and living conditions

1815-1825

decided that no one should have so much power to conquer Europe, about restoration and legitimacy, restore Europe to pre Napoleon times, balance power by creating buffer states ex) Belgium

Metternich and Talleyrand two key figures

1819

an attempt to stop enlightenment, end ideological/ intellectual movements, censor ideas that inspire liberty (the press, university, ideas)

1854-1856

most important war after Napoleonic war, 1 year before Russians defeated Ottomans, took over Crimean Penninsula, ended long period of peace, created new allies, French and English fighting Russians

1837-1901

came to thrown at age 18, unpopular because no confidence in young queen, female, followed a line of unpopular monachs, married to Prince Albert from Germany, proved everyone wrong: understood people, politics, won hearts because she cared, responsible for Second Reform Bill (1867) making Britain increasingly more democratic, Parliament Act (1911) gave more power to elected commons and less to appointed lords, Representation Act (1918) extended vote to women

1899-1902

British took interest in S. Africa because of gold, diamonds, ect., British imperialism vs. Dutch nationalismr

1924-53

won power struggle to take over Lenin's position

determined to establish communism across Russia - no free market, even for farmers, farmers resisted (land confiscated by state), many ended up in concentration camps, ruthless and paranoid - famous for his purges, afraid of anyone else who had internal power, executed the incompetent, created a nation of fear, governed more harsh than any tsar before him

-stock market crash (1929)

-tight monetary policy

-little government spending

rise to power: understood sentiment of Italian people

persuaded king to share his power, eventually took all power, sided with Hitler in WWII, enemies got the better of him, hung upside down to be made example of

1929

gave the Vatican their independence, sovereignty and lands, gave Mussolini support of Italian people

1809-1882

survival of the fittest-natural selection

applied to society

1820-1903

Orginally wrote about survival of the fittest

1844-1900

cannot have a great people without a great man leading them, nations need big strong government, Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini all educated in the ways of Nietzche

1879-1955

theory of relativity - everything is unstable, everything open to interpretations, no further truths, everything open to debate

1899-1992

wrote "Return of Serfdom", extremely critical of where the world was going, critical of big size of government

1946

Hitler passed set of laws to deprive Jews of citizenship, made them wear star of david, disallowed marriage between Jews and Gentiles, not allowed to practice profession, property confiscated

24 Nazi leaders tried, 11 hanged

Hitler commited suicide

1945

meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin (3 big powers), divided up Germany

1947

attempt to defeat communism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

alliance formed to counter soviet advancements

1955

agreement among communist states to counter NATO

1972, 1979

strategic arms limitation talks, attempts to control number and strengths of bombs around world

1985

"elected" to lead party, believed that he could save soviets by implementing western methods, Glasnost (openness, transparency), returned SU to Lenonist type economy (communism and capitalism)

started movement of ethnic cleansing

Bosnia (Muslim) vs. Serbia (Orthodox)

1958

economic unity of Europe, freer mobility of goods and peoples

people: sedentary and nomadic

relatively flat, important for growth and vegetation, fertile

Appalachians

1) economic - kingdom enriched through trade

2) political - imperialism, world for the taking

3) religious competition - conversions

4) scientific - new inventions

1492

strongly suspected world was round, hit land in the Caribbean while lookinf for Asia, sailing for Spain although Italian

1774-1791

Ohio Valley taken from Natives and given to French, 13 colonies refused to recognize Quebec in Ohio Valley and turned on British

1773

threw tea into Boston harbour as protest to British taxation

1791

loyalists (Americans who supported Britain) moved to Canada, demanded representative gov

1840

union and division of Canada, upset French Canadians, many English felt same way

1867

united British colonies and divided them into provinces, 72 resolutions, 3 colonies (Canada, NB, NS) divided into 4 provinces (ON, QC, NB, NS), act of British Parliament

1861-1865

faught between N and S

-N wanted to abolish slavery, S did not

-N wanted Washington, S wanted power to stay in states

-N wanted to protect trade, S wanted free trade

North won

1878

how we protected trading block, 3 programs: settle West, protect internal markets, railway

1931

2nd part of BNA Act, formally recognized Canada as a country

Quebec 1960's

emergence of new value system, things started to shift

urbanization

language centre of French Canadian life rather than church

liberalizing

due to industrialization, urbanization, television, new ideas

Passed by constitutional assemblies that aren't constitutionally protected

ex) municipal laws

1) customs and practices

2) treaties legitimately signed

3) general principles - can be new and accepted

4) decisions by international courts

1) poli independence of country they represent

2) territorial integrity

3) national security

4) national interests

1304-1347

man of the Renaissance, letter in readings