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| Egypt, because it was dependent on the river- Herodotus's definition |
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| the ancient egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice |
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| a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, |
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| the term for the god-king; means "great house" |
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| Builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Also known as Cheops, the Greek version of his name. |
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| A city on the banks of the Nile; location of several famous monuments, including the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza. |
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| A central city in Egypt- has the Temple of Karnak. Center of religion and justice. |
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| Location of the Great Temple of Amen. |
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| Flood, esp. that of the Nile- how the Egyptians measured major events in their calendar. |
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| The Egyptian process of embalming a corpse. |
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| Sixth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty. His aunt, Hatshepsut, was his regent, then his co-regent, and then the pharaoh. |
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| Female pharaoh who ruled for twenty-two years. |
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| An Egyptian valley where many tombs were constructed. |
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| Became pharaoh when he was nine, ruled for about ten years. |
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| An English archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun. |
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| A Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. |
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| "Sacred writing." A system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians. |
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| An ancient egyptian script, less formal then hieroglyphics. Its name means "document writing." |
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| A cursive writing system, primarily written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus. |
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| A thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant. |
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| A high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister to a ruler. |
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| The south region of Ancient Egypt. |
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| The northernmost section of Ancient Egypt. |
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| A period in Egypt's history from 2650 to 2134 BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement. |
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| The period in Egypt's history between 2080 BC and 1640 BC. |
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| The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. It was Egypt’s most prosperous time and marked the zenith of its power. |
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| A dynasty is a succession of people belonging to the same family, who, through various means and forms maintain power, influence or authority over the course of generations. |
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| Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom, and an administrative centre throughout ancient history. |
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| The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. |
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| Was an important city-state. Guarded the western branch of a narrow pass and an ancient trade route which connected the lands of Egypt and Assyria. |
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| Founded by Alexander the Great. Was the seat of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt. |
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| Pyramid- like tombs made of several layers, or steps, of stone. |
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| Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan |
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| the Egyptian king credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt and founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100 BC |
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| an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt. Egyptian for "foreign rulers." |
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| Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution |
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the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10000 and 4000 B.C.E.
the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10000 and 4000 B.C.E. |
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| regarding the deities as humanlike in character and appearance |
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| "wedge-shaped". A system of writing developed by the Sumerians that consisted of wedge-shaped impressions made by a reed stylus on clay tablets. |
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| the practice of seeking to foretell future events by interpreting divine signs, which could appear in various forms |
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| the belief that the universe is dominated by two opposing forces, one good and the other evil |
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| a highly pictorial system of writing most often associated with ancient Egypt |
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| Egyptian term for the right order of the universe |
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| having only one god, the doctrine or belief that there is only one god |
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| a slim, four-sided stone shaft that tapers upward to a pyramidal cap |
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| the period of human history when humans used simple stone tools |
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| having many gods, belief in or the worship of more than one god |
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| a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap |
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| a massive stepped tower upon which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian: city was built |
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| An ancient greek word meaning "king." |
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| The center of the Minoan civilization. |
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| The best excavated of the ancient Minoan palaces. |
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| An epic poem by Homer about 50 days during the Trojan War. Mainly focuses on heroes such as Agamemmnon and Achilles. |
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| An eighth-century Greek poet. |
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| Highly advanced for their time. Matriarchal society. First culture to produce art just for its beauty. Lived on the island of Crete. Named after the legendary King Minos. |
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| a type of stonework found in Mycenaean architecture, built with huge limestone boulders, roughly fitted together with minimal clearance between adjacent stones and no use of mortar. |
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| a palace, but not just one building. |
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| A fortress for protecting a town, sometimes including a castle |
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| Archaeologist, discovered the palace of Knossos. |
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| Archaelologist, believed that Troy existed as described by Homer. Discovered the Mask of Agamemnon. |
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| Discovered at Mycenae in 1876 by Heinrich Schliemann. Probably not actually Agamemnon's; possibly a hoax. |
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| Created by mixing paint with plaster and crafting an image as part of a wall. |
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| A society where the women have the power. |
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| A society where the men have the power. |
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| A mythical king, son of Zeus and Europa. Identified by early Greek historians as the ruler of Crete. Might not have been a real person. |
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| The Greek name for Minoan palaces. |
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| Dark Ages or the Black Hole of History |
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| The period after the fall of Mycenae, during which writing was lost. |
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| the study of ancient things left by people of past civilizations |
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| any tool, utensil, implement, or object made by humans and studied by archaeologists in order to learn about the past. |
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| a seal/signature of clay attatched to an official document; it can reveal the owner |
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| a system of writing in which letters were carved into soft clay |
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| the largest division of the grid pattern on a tell; they are identified by capital letters or Roman numerals |
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| the square (or area) supervisor's notebook, with entries about the daily plan and all items uncovered during the day |
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| the north-south and east-west lines used to divide a tell into fields and squares/areas |
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| a system of writing in which many symbols are conventionalized pictures of the thing represented; generally carved in stone or written on papyrus |
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| indicators (diagnostic shards) |
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| tell about a vessel because of their distinctive shapes, often pieces of rims or bases |
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| the depth of debris left behind by a group of people which has been destroyed or left the area; varies from centimeters to several meters in depth |
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| locus (loci in plural form) |
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| any identifiable item found in the dig, such as a wall, well, pit, installation, skeleton, etc. |
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| a picture made of small, colored, inlaid stones which are called tesserae |
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| a stone box, urn, or other container in which the bones of the dead are stored |
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| ostracon (ostraca in plural form) |
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| a piece of pottery with writing on it |
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| material for writing on; made of crisscrossed sections of the papyrus plant found chiefly in Egypt, paper of the ancients |
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| a fragment of an earthen pot, jug, or jar |
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| reference to the stone of a ring having the shape of a beetle - the flat bottom has hieroglyphics on it - sometimes with the name of a pharaoh enclosed in a cartouche |
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| a section within a field to be dug, labeled with Arabic numberals, generally measuring 5-7 meters on a side |
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| stela (stelae in plural form) |
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| an upright stone slab or pillar with writing on it |
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| the layers of civilization at a once-inhavited site discovered by archaeologists; numerous cities in the ancient Middle East were continually built on top of destroyed cities |
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| the study of the layers of earth laid down in time by man or nature; on layer is called a stratum |
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| stratum (plural is strata) |
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| layer(s) of earth laid down in time by man or nature. This is one of the two main pinciples of archaeology. |
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| an Arabic word (Hebrew = tel) meaning "hill," used in archaeology to mean the mound on which cities and towns were built. These are generally on natural hills with a water supply nearby. |
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| the study of artifacts by their type; classifying artifacts by their type |
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| a watercourse which is generally dry except during period of rainfall |
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| stratigraphy and typology |
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| the two main principles of archaeology |
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