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| Who wrote The Book of My Life and what is it about? |
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Definition
| Jerome Cardan (1501-1576)- discusses the presence in his life of what we would call paranormal powers, including prescient dreams, extrasensory perception, and intuitive flashes of direct understanding |
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| Who wrote On the Revolutions of the heavenly Spheres and what is it about? |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus - began a revolution in astronomy when he argued that the sun and not the Earth was at the center of the universe - about the heliocentric theory |
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| Who wrote The Starry Messenger and what was it about? |
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| Galileo Galilei - reported what he observed in 1610, stunned European intellectuals by revealing that the celestial bodies were not perfect and immutable but composed of material substance similar to that of the Earth. Describes how he devised a telescope and what he saw with it. |
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| Who wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and what was is about? |
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| Issac Newton - demonstrated the matematical proofs for his universal law of gravitation and completed the new cosmology begun by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. He also described the rules of reason by which he arrived at his universal law. |
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| Who wrote A Political Treatise and what was it about? |
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| The philosopher Benedict de Spinoza argues fo the "natural" inferiority of women to men |
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| Who wrote the Disourse on Method and what was it about? |
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| Rene Descartes - he elaborated on his approach to discovering truth - founder of modern rationalism and modern philosophy because he believed that human beings could understand the world - itself a mechanical system - by the same rational principles inherent the mathematical thinking. |
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| a method of seeking the knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations |
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| Who wrote Pensees and what was it about? |
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| Blaise Pascal - presents his musings on the human place in an infinite world - large unfinished work justifying the Christian religion |
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| the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it |
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| the intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by what French term? -although not all of them were French |
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| the quality of being sophisticated and having wide international experience |
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| a doctrine enunciatied by Montesquieu in the eighteenth centtury that separated executive, legislative, and jucidial powers serve to limit and control each other |
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| Who wrote "of the Constitution of England" out of the book Spirit of the Laws and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Montesquieu - enunciates the "separation of powers" doctrine |
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Term
| Who wrote The ignorate Philosopher and Candide what was it about? |
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Definition
| Voltair - both were attack on religious intolerance |
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Term
| Who wrote the Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Denis Diderot - he constructed a dialogue between Orou, a Tahitian who symbolizes the wisdom of philosophe, and a chaplain who defends Christian sexual mores. The dialogue gave him the opportunity to criticize the practice of sexual chasity and monogamy |
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| the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy |
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Term
| Who wrote the Social Contract and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau - "the father of romanticism" - tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority - an agreement on part of an entire society to be governed by its general will |
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| the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women's rights |
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| gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms where they met |
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| an eighteenth-century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm |
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| Who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Mary Wollstonecraft - responded to an unhappy childhood in a large family by seeking to lead an independent life. While working as a teacher, chaperone, and governess to aristocratic children she wrote and developed her ideas of the rights of women |
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| a late-eighteenth-century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greec and Rome |
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| usually means the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling class |
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| refers to the written and unwritten lore of the masses, most of which is passed down orally |
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Term
| Who wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and what was it about? |
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| Edward Gibbon - believed in the idea of progress and , in reflecting on the decline and fall of Rome, expressed his optimism about the future of European civilization and the ability of Europeans to avoid the fate of the Romans. |
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Term
| Who wrote the Nocurnal Spectator - excert "The Broken Man" and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Restif de la Bretonne - torture and capital punishment remained common features of European judicial systems well into the eighteenth century. Public spectacles were especially gruesome - that is what this illustrates |
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Definition
| organized massacres of Jews |
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| a movement that arose in Germany in the seventeenth century whose goal was to foster a personal experience of God as the focus of true religious experience |
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| What was The Conversion Experience in Wesley's methodism? |
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| John Wesley - traveled extensively to bring "glad tidings' of Jesus to other people. He gave his sermons anywhere to anyone who would listen. He described how emotional and even violent conversions experiences could be. |
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| a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence of written laws governing such matters |
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| certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech and religion; and equality before the law |
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Term
| Who wrote Memoirs and what is it about? |
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Definition
| Comtesse de Boigne - describes the king's (Louis XIV) coucher, the formal ceremony in which the king retired for the night. |
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| the practice of awarding titles and making appointments to government and other postitions to gain political support |
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| What did Frederick the Great write to his father about? |
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Definition
| Frederick the Great did not want to do what his father wanted him to do with his life - these letters show the difficulties in their relationship when Frederick the Great was sixteen |
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| Who wrote Memoirs and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Catherine the Great - She was the daughter of the prince and princess of Anhalt-Zerbst in central Germany. She wrote an account of her early life in French, which gave a vivid account of her early life, which included a number of painful experiences |
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| a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interest of another |
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| the principle that a nation should act on the bsis of its long-term interest and not merely to further the dynastic interest of its ruling family |
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Term
| What was the British Victory in India and whose account was it? |
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Definition
| Teh success of the British in defeating the French in India was due to Robert Clive - exert from his letters - describes his famous victory at Plassey, north of Calcutta- battle demonstrated the inability of native indian soldiers to compete with Europeans and signified the beginning of British control in Bengal. |
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| Who wrote The Rivals and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Richard Sheridan - The turmoil it could cause by parents choosing marriage parteners for their children - a father, Sir Anthony Absolute informs his son, Captin Jack Absolute, of the arrangements he has made for his son's marrainge. Jack, in love with another woman, is dumbfounded by his fathers proposal |
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| an inheritance practice in which the eldest son receives all or the largest of the parents' estate |
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| the practice of killing infants |
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| Who wrote Travels During the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 ... in the Kingdom of France and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Arthur Young - wrote an account of his travels in which he blamed the low yields of French farmers on the old system of allowing part of the land to lie fallow and the small size of the farms. The latter factor was especially important to English aristocratic landholders, who wished to justify the enclosure movement |
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| a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in thier cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs |
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Term
| What is the Leeds Wollen Workers' Petition (1786)? |
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Definition
| Rural workers who depended on the extra wages earned in their own homes often reacted by attacking the machinery that threatened thier livelihoods. This selection is a petition that English wool workers publised in their local newspapers asking that the machines no longer be used to prepare wool for spinning |
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| a portion of one's harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants to the village church |
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| Unlike the British, who had a system of public-supported poor relief, the French responded to poverty with ad hoc policies when conditions became acute. This selection is taken from an intendant's reports to the controller general at Paris describing his suggestions for program to relieve the grain shortages expected for the winter months |
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Term
| The Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| written on July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted a resolution declaring the independence of the American colonies. Two days later, the delegates approved the Declaration of Independence, which gave the reasons for their action. Its principal author was Thomas Jefferson, who bassically restated John Locke's theory of revolution |
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| a fundamental change in the political and social organization of a state |
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| (old regime) the political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before the Revolution |
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| Rhe Republic's army - the people's army raised by universal mobilization to repel the foreign enemies of the French revolution |
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Term
| Who wrote The Revolutionary Tribunal and what was it about? |
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Definition
| J.G. Milligen - The reign of terror created a repressive environment in which revolutionary courts often acted quickly to condemn traitors to the revolutionary cause. In this account, an English visitor describes the court, toe processions to the scene of execution, and the final execution procedures. |
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Term
| Speech on Revolutionary Government - who wrote? |
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Definition
| Robespierre - The national Convention, under the direction of the Committee of Public Safety, instituted the Reign of Terror to preserve the Revoulution from its internal enemies. In this selection, one of the committee's leading members, tries to justify the violence to which tese believers in republican liberty resorted |
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| a policy, adopted in the radical phase of the French Revolution, aimed at creating a secular society by eliminating Christian forms and institutions from French Society |
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Term
| Proclamation to the French Troops in Italy |
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Definition
| Napoleon Bonaparte - at the age of 27 he was given command of the French army in Italy, where he won a series of stunning victories. His use of speed, deception, and surprise to overwhelm his opponents is well known. In this selection from a proclamation to his troops in italy, he also appears to be a master of psychological warfare |
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| possessed an overwhelming sense of his own importance. Among the images he fostered, especially as his successes multiplied and his megalomaniacal tendencies intensified, were those of the man of destiny and the great man who masters luck |
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| during the reign of Napoleon, an official appointed by the central government to oversee all aspects of a local government |
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