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| A class conflict pitting poor against rich, debtor against creditor (Washington's view and other conservatives) |
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| A decorated revolutionary officer and one of the leaders from the town of Pelham |
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| How did the economic conditions in the years of the Revolution lead to calls for fundamental political change? |
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| In the development of strong nationalist sentiment among elite circles |
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| Conference of state delegates at Annapolis, Maryland, that issued a call in September 1786 for a convention to meet at Philadelphia to consider fundamental change (Revise the Articles of Confederation) |
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| Government must rest on the consent of the governed, and that the authority of rulers mud be conditional on popular support |
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| Proposal calling for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population. Written by James Madison. Opposed by delegates of small states. |
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| Proposal of the New Jersey delegation for a strengthened national government in which all states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature. Alternative of Virginia Plan introduced by William Patterson. |
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| Plan proposed at the 1787 Constitutional Convention for creating a national bicameral legislation in which all states would be equally represented in the Senate and proportionally represented in the House. |
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| Northern delegates who wanted a central government with the power to regulate commerce, agreed to count five slaves as the equivalent of three free men. This would count slaves in the state's proportional representation. |
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| provided the federal government with the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with indian tribes. |
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| Supporters of the Constitution who favored its ratification |
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| Opponents of the Constitution in the debate over its ratification. |
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| Where was support for the Constitution strongest? Where was it weakest? Why? |
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| Strongest among sections of the country linked to commercial economy. Weakest in remote and backcountry sections. |
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| The first 10 amendments to the Constitution. 1) Prohibited Congress from establishing an official religion and provided for the freedom of assembly. |
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| First U.S. President (1789). Re-elected in (1792). Served until 1797. |
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| How did Washington's administration lay the foundation the subsequent development of the American politics and government? |
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| The shaped the structure of the American nation-state in ways that would be enormously significant for later generations. |
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| Secretary of state (appointed by G. Washington) |
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| Secretary of treasury (appointed by G. Washington). Hamilton's Fiscal Program restored the financial health of the U.S. despite its controversy (Plan to address Revolutionary War debt, proposal to charter a national bank, recommendation for government to promote industry). |
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| Secretary of war (appointed by G. Washington) |
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| Attorney general (appointed by G. Washington) |
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| Act of Congress that implemented judiciary class of the Constitution by establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts. |
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| A power implied in the Constitution the gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislatures. |
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| Vice-president during Washington's presidency |
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| The French Revolution 1789 |
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| Divided American public opinion. Hamilton and the nationalists favored accommodation with Britain. Jefferson, Madison, and the democrats wanted greater international independence and closer ties with France. |
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| French ambassador arrives to U.S. |
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| This law regulated trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes and declared public treaties between the United States and Indian nations the only means of obtaining Indian lands. |
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| A war chief of the Miami tribe of the Ohio Valley, led a large pan-Indian army to victory over the Americans in 1790 and 1791. After his forces were defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, he became a friend of the U.S. |
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| Where was new settlement concentrated in the 1780's? |
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| Growing population of farmers |
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| Where was the southern boundary of the United States set under the terms of Pinckney's Treaty? Why might Spain insisted that it be set above New Orleans? |
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| Spanish claimed the American territory of the Old Southwest. Insisted because it would prohibit the Americans from accessing the port of New Orleans, effectively closing the Mississippi River. |
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| Why would Americans purchase this broadside and display it in their homes? |
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| Served as a memorial for the dead and protested against the incompetence of the army's leaders. |
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| Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania who attempted to privet the collection of the excise tax on whiskey distillation. George Washington cents 13,000 troops to suppress the rebellion. |
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| Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 |
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| General Anthony Wayne leading a greatly strengthened American force crushed the Indians to secure the Northwest. |
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| Treaty of Greenville 1795 |
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| Representatives of 12 Indian nations ceded a huge territory encompassing most of present-day Ohio, much of Indiana,and other enclaves in the Northwest. |
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| Chief justuce. Went to London to arrange settlement with the British. Britain agreed to withdraw from American soil by 1796. |
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| Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the United Staes made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships. Ratified June 1795 |
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| In 1795 American envoy negotiated a treaty setting the international boundary at the 31st parallel (the southern boundary of Mississippi and Alabama) and opening the Mississippi to American shipping. |
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| Washington's Farewell Address |
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| Washington praised the federal government and the financial stability that had resulted from Hamilton's policy. Urged the U.S. to seek commercial connections with all the nations but very little political connections as possible. |
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| How and why did the first American political parties emerge? |
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| Political parties became a fundamental part of the American system of government |
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| Dipomatlic incident in 1798 in which Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe (money) as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats. |
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| Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between the United States and France. British naval victory over the French at Aboukir Bay in Egypt in August 1798. |
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| Act passed by Congress in 1798 that authorized the president to imprison or deport suspected aliens during wartime. Alien Enemies Act. |
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| Act passed by Congress in 1798 that provided fines for anyone convicted of writting, publishing, or speaking out against the government or its officers. |
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| Extended period of residence required for citizenship from five to fourteen years. |
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| Organized by figures in the Washington administration who were in favor of a strong federal government, friendship with the British, and opposition to the French Revolution; its power base was among merchants, property owners, and urban workers tied to the commercial economy. A minority party after 1800, it was regionally strong only in New England. |
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| Democratic-Republican Party |
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| Arose as the opposition to the Federalists; its adherents were in favor of limiting federal power; they were sympathetic to the French Revolution and hostile to Great Britain; the party drew strength from southern planter and the northern farmers and was the majority party after 1800. |
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| Favoring the rights of the individual states over rights claimed by the national government. |
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| Where were the Federalists strongest in 1800? Where were the Democratic Republicans strongest? |
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| Federalist were strongest in the South. Democratic Republicans were strongest in the North. |
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| The right to vote in a political election |
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| Why did Americans read in the early decades of the Republic? |
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