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| Empress of Russia, but German and married a Russian Czar. Not well liked, educated by reason, reintroduced idea of senate and constitution using enlightenment against Russian mobility |
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| claimed to be Peter the 3rd (Catherine's husband), ended taxes |
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| German, says you can be a good individual/ Christian to be a good king. Abolished judicial torture, except in capital cases. Implemented a high degree of religious tolerance. did not want serfdom. |
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| became sole emperor of Austria in 1780 (ruled with mother before). Atheist, but would lose the throne if admitted. Abolished serfdom. Tried to make German national language |
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| only female rule of the Hapsburg dominions and the last House of Hapsburg |
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| economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital |
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| War of the Austrian Succession |
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| background of the 7 years war |
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| Britain, France, and the struggle for empire |
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| decided did not trust the colonists to fight when time came (1763) decided to station a British army in the colonies. Tax the colonists to pay for their own protection |
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| forbade the colonization past the App. mtns to seperate natives and colonists |
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| well-meaning but ineffectual king of France, finally deposed and executed with his family by revolutionaries |
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| French quasi-parliamentary body called in 1789 to deal with the financial problems that afflicted France at the time. It had not met since 1614. |
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| governing body of France that succeeded the Estates General in 1789 during the French revolution. composed of the delegates of the 3rd estate |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen |
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| French charter of liberties formulated by the National Assembly that marked the end of dynastic and aristocratic rule |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| political body during the French revolution that was controlled by the Jacobins who enforced party rule by executing thousands during the reign of terror |
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| Napo rewrote and condensed French laws, avg. educated Frenchman could understand |
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| badly outnumbered French army beat Austrian and Russian army combined |
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| invented the spinning mule |
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| invented the machine that extracts energy from coal |
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| wrote an econ-formulated iron wall of wages, surplus pop=more workers than job |
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| mass democratic movement to pass the peoples charter in britain, granting mall suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and annual Parliaments, and absolving the requirement of property ownership for members of parliament |
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| British whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame leading Britain during the 7 years war |
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| wrote What is the Third Estate? |
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| What is the Third Estate? |
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| argued that the third estate was a complete nation |
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| pivotal during the french revolution, members of the 3rd estate signed an oath in a tennis court, began to call themselves the national assembly |
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| civil constitution of the clergy |
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| law passed during the french revolution that subordinated the roman catholic church in france to the french government |
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| called on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of france was threatened |
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| "mass uprising" in french revolutionary war |
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| largely dominated committee of public safety, reign of terror |
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| a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Robespierre, Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. |
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| served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party. He is mainly remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution |
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| Reflections on the Revolution of France |
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| by burke, best know intellectual attacks on the french revolution |
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| a sea battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars |
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| was issued on December 17, 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the Berlin Decree of 1806 which had initiated the Continental System. This system was the basis for his plan to defeat the British by waging economic warfare. The Milan Decree stated that no European country was to trade with the United Kingdom. |
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| was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a large-scale embargo against British trad |
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| two treaties signed between napo and russia and prussia after his victory at friedland |
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| irregular warfare including armed citizens and ambushes |
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| defeated napo at waterloo |
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| king of france after napo |
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| invented the spinning mule |
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| improved the steam engine |
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| built the first public railway to use steam locomotives |
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| popularized the economic theory of rent |
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| An Essay on the Principles of Population |
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| by Malthus, iron law of wages |
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| father of the communist theory along side Karl Marx |
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| The Condition of the Working Class in England |
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| a social movement of British textile artisans in the nineteenth century who protested – often by destroying mechanised looms – against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their way of lif |
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| Johann Wolgang von Goethe |
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| German writer, Romanticism |
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| English poet, leading figure in Romanticism |
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| Laissez fair, free market economy "wea |
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| By John Stuart Mill, supported moral and economic freedom of individuals from the state |
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| efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state |
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| a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of this movement was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire. Mazzini's belief was that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy |
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| workers in Manchester revolted so cavalry charged into 60-80000 people |
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| first freely elected parliament for all of Germany |
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| useless war, Russia already decided to recieve land but war still went on anways;conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire |
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| prime minister of sardinia, key figure in italian unification |
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| in Northern Italy; territory that was under Austrian rule that wanted to be independent |
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| radical revolutionary hired by di cavour to relieve sicily, raided sicily broken guns and still won |
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| first leader of a unified Italy |
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| an organization where germans come together to get rid of trade barriers such as tolls |
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| wanted to start attacks to help fund German army |
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| provokes a war to unify Germany against Prussians and Austrians. wanted nationalism; religion second, marriage not in churches but approved by the state |
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| North German Confederation |
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| a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia |
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| Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen |
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| Germany put his name on a Spanish ballot and upset france |
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| Caused by Leopold's name being put up for Spanish King; France predicted to win, Germans did |
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| during the Franco-German war, Prussian army killed 80% of Italians, French surrender;Napo the 3rd captured |
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| first assumption of power by the working class in industrial civilization |
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| established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
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| mass production of steel process |
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| discovered microorganisms in wine that caused it to spoil and staph; beginning steps of sterilization |
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| wrote of Interpretation of Dreams; argued that conscious was tip of iceberg |
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| discovered radium and radiation |
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| discovers that energy that comes from an energy source doesnt come out in streams but in bursts called quanti |
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| wrote "the origin of the species", darwinism |
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| "God is dead", decide what is good and evil on your own |
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| "culture struggle" German nationalism and religion |
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| Bismarck outlawed them and they became more popular; had power to run but nothing else |
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| no need for Marx's communism revolution if all men had a vote the working class could vote in who they wanted |
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