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| a family including humans and their immediate ancestors |
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| early hominids living in eastern and southern africa about 3 to 4 million years ago |
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| "handy human" a direct ancestor of humans named because of increased brain size and the ability to make and use simple stone tools for hunting and gathering |
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| "erect human" a hominid that emerged in east africa probably between 1.8 and 2.2 million years old |
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| "thinking humans" a hominid who evolved around 400,000 to 500,000 years ago and from whom anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) evolved around 100,000 years ago |
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| hominids who were probably descended from Homo erectus populations in Europe and who later spread into western and central Asia |
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| The First modern, tool using humans in Europe |
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| the Old Stone Age, which began 100,000 years ago with the first modern humans and lasted for many millennia |
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| the middle stone age, which began around 15,000 years ago as the glaciers from the final Ice Age began to recede |
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| The New Stone Age, which began between 10,000 and 11,500 years ago with the transition to farming |
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| a pattern of kinship that traces descent and inheritance through the female line |
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| the belief that all creatures as well as inanimate objects and natural phenomena have souls and can influence human well-being |
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| a belief in many spirits or deities |
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| specialists in communicating with or manipulating the supernatural realm |
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| the growing of crops with simple methods and tools |
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| an economy based on breeding, rearing, and harvesting livestock |
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| associations of clans that traced descent from a common ancestor |
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| Various tribes who all spoke related languages that derived from some original common tongue and who eventually settled in Europe, Iran, and northern India |
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| a large semicircular fertile region that included the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers stretching northwest from the Persian Gulf, the eastern shores of the mediterranean sea, and, to some scholars, the banks of the Nile River in North Africa |
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| a stepped, pyramidal-shaped temple building in Sumerian cities, seen as the home of the chief god of the city |
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| a system in which men largely control women and children and shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior |
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| "wedge-shape" a latin term used to describe the writing system invented by the sumerians |
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| name given to the city-states and the widespread Bronze Age culture they shared that were centered in the Indus River Valley and nearby rivers in northwest India between 2200 and 1800 |
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| A language family whose speakers are the great majority of the population in southern India |
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| The Hindu god of destruction and of fertility and the harvest |
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| the plains of Central Asia |
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| Indo-Eurpoean-speaking nomadic pastoralists who migrated from Iran into northwest India between 1600 and 1400 |
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| The Aryans' "book of knowledge," the principal source of religious belief for Hindus: a vast collection of sacred hymns to the gods and thoughts about religion, philosophy, and magic |
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| the classical language of north India, originally both written and spoken but now reserved for religious and literary writing |
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| "Great Bharata" an Aryan epic and the worlds longest poem |
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| the fusion of Aryan and Dravidian cultures in India over many cultures |
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| The Universal Soul, or Absolute Reality, that Hindus believe fills all space and time |
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| Warriors and landowners headed by the rajas in the Hindu caste system |
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| The merchants and landowners headed by the rajas in the Hindu caste system |
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| the mostly poor farmers, farm workers, and menial laborers in the Hindu caste system |
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| The four-tiered Hindu social system comprising hereditary social classes that restrict the occupation of their members and their relations with members of other castes |
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| The large group of outcasts or untouchables below the official Hindu castes |
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| "Lord's Song" A poem in the Mahabharata that is the most treasured piece of ancient Hindu literature |
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| Commentaries on the Vedas that emphasize the role of priests |
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| Ancient Indian philosophical writings that speculate on the ultimate truth of the creation of life |
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| The ancient Egyptian writing system, which evolved from pictograms into stylized pictures expressing ideas |
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| Ancient Egyptian terms for justice, the correct order of things |
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| the belief in a single, all-powerful god |
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| A grassland region stretching along the southern fringe of the Sahara Desert from the western tip of Africa to the Nile valley |
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| the transformation of once-productive land into useless desert |
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| Sub-African peoples who developed a cultural tradition based on farming and iron metallurgy, which they spread widely through great migration |
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| The Hebrew belief that their God, Yahweh, had given them a special mission in the world |
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| The dust blown in from the Mongolian desert that enriched the soils of northern China |
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| A Chinese belief from ancient times that rulers had the support of the supernatural realm as long as conditions were good, but rebellion was justified when they were not |
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| the view of Chinese historians that dynasties rise and fall in a cyclical fashion, largely based on the collection of taxes and the morale of the government and the armies |
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| the "Book of Changes" an ancient Chinese collection of sixty-four mystic hexagrams and commentaries upon them that was used to predict future events |
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| The ancient western Pacific culture that stretched some 2500 miles from just northeast of New Guinea to Samoa |
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| The earliest documented culture in Japan, known for the ropelike design on its pottery |
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| A Native American culture dating back some 11500 to 13500 years |
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| the construction of huge earthen mounds, often with temples on top, by some peoples in the Americas from ancient times to the fifteenth century |
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| the region stretching from central Mexico southeast into northern Central America |
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| The earliest urban society in Mesoamerica |
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| the earliest known Andean urban society |
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| a pattern of kinship that traces descent and inheritance through the female line |
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| the growing of crops with simple methods and tools |
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| who came first? Hittites, Summerians, Assyrians, Akkadians |
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| during what time period did most humans begin switching from hunting and gathering to agriculture as a lifestyle |
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| agriculture is used as a permanent supply of food, where as Horticulture is used when dietary supplements are needed(non permanent, rarely irrigated) |
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| The difference between horticulture and agriculture is? |
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| an economy based on breeding, rearing, and harvesting livestock |
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| Works of Homer are associated with? |
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| Writing style for daily use in Egypt(casual language) |
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| This relic helped scientists decipher Hieroglyphics |
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| "Book of Songs" between 1000 & 600 BCE |
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| This society wrote a song that illustrated surplus grain & rice, also mentioned wine, liquor, and religious offerings |
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| Mesopotamian law, and eye for an eye |
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| this ruler united all major city states of mesopotamia |
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| These city states had laws about women |
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| Were not mesopotamians, from around turkey, made the first ever peace treaty with Egypt |
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| Assyrian king, extremely well educated, |
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| supported by the bible, Abraham and King Soloman, created christianity and islam, monotheistic |
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| what is the capital of the Minoan Society? |
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| the lost city of Atlantis |
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| the city of Knossos is also believed to be what mythical lost city? |
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| these are the ancient ancestors of present day Greece |
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| built an economic empire in Israel, and has the oldest "pure alphabet" ever recorded. Latin derived from the language of these people. |
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| Huang He (yellow River), Chang Jain (Yangtze River), Xi Jang |
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| these early chinese societies were agricultural and left mass graves and believed in an afterlife. |
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| Viracocha was a deity of which society? |
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| This book states that death should not be feared because it progresses you in the circle of life. |
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| This Nigerian society's thought process draws heavily on perspectives from the Nok and Bantu cultures |
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| what are two names for the regional goddess of Mesopotamia who represented love, fertility, and war? |
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| the Egyptian god of the scribes, has the head of an Ibis |
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| What god did Akhenaton want Egyptians to worship monotheistically. Depicted as a disc, he represented the Sun. |
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| what god is the son of Osiris and Isis, this god took his father's place as the head of Egyptian gods |
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| this script of Minoan writing has yet to be deciphered. |
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| The earliest example of Chinese writing |
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| She was the first female pharaoh and was depicted as a man in order to maintain an image that Egyptians would accept. |
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| First Pharaoh of Egypt, Died by being trampled by a hippo |
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| This is the Nubian pharaoh of Egypt who fought against Ashurbanepal (the Assyrians). |
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