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| a system of government which the people directly by mass meetings |
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| a form of government in which a small group of people exercise control |
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| a form of government in which a leader and certain citizens have the right to vote |
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| state in which the military controls all aspects of life |
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| philosopher that developed the question/answer teaching method. his pupil was plato. |
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| student of socrates who created the perfect society |
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| student of plato who believed the 3 best forms of government were aristocracy, monarchy, and constitutional government |
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| the civil code of simple farming society which provided the basis for the Roman system of law |
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| a universal law for all people in Rome that was based on reason and allowed justice to be distributed evenly |
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| the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| area of German and Italian lands, ruled by the Emperor of Rome; first established in 962 |
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| Charlemagne’s empire which covered much of western and southern Europe |
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| people of central Europe, eventually split into the three groups: western, southern, and eastern |
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| law that is standard for an entire kingdom |
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| Holy Roman Emperors who attempted to gain control over the Italian states and failed. |
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| where the Eastern Slavs settled. Originally ruled by the Vikings, before the Mongols conquered the area. Alexander Nevsky was eventually awarded title of Grand-Prince and his descendants became the rulers of Russia |
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| conquered England and defeated King Harold |
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| set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal |
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| political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages, when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service |
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| nomadic traders who converted to Islam and worked as soldiers for the Abbasid empire and eventually took control |
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| Muslims who the Christians fought against during the Crusades |
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| kingdom the Western Slavs formed |
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| battle where William of Normandy defeated King Harold and gained control on England |
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| a piece of land given to a vassal by a lord. With the land came political duties and was the most important gift that a lord could give |
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| the document that stated that a monarch’s power was limited and stated that the relationship between king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations |
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| men who served their lords in a military capacity and in turn had their needs taken care of by the lord they followed |
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| Perfect Medieval Monarch- generous; devoted to justice |
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| code of honor for knights, helped women, wanted to impress the women |
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| formerly the Eastern Roman Empire; became the Byzantine Empire after shrinking in size and changing the official language from Latin to Greek |
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| listed all taxable goods in the kingdom |
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| only German people who proved to be long lasting in Europe |
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| French king who made the throne hereditary |
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| Frankish king who greatly expanded the empire. Stressed learning and education even though he was not educated |
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| city where popes lived instead of Rome for a short time period |
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| French king who fought with Boniface VIII |
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| fought with Philip II; ended up moving to France |
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| a court establish by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try heretics; also called the Holy Office |
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| fought with Henry IV over the ability to appoint Church clerics and won. |
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| the denial of basic church doctrines |
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| large estate where lords ruled and serfs worked |
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| more involved with politics than spiritual matters; one of the most extreme examples |
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| in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control |
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| a business association associated with a particular trade of craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth century and came to play a leading role in the economic life of medieval cites |
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| an economic system based on money rather than barter |
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| economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits |
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| the study of religion and God |
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| war between England and France |
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| killed 1/3 population in Europe and brought about major social and economic change throughout Europe |
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| a system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life. |
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| movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church |
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| a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints |
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| a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder |
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| was a painter, sculpture, and architect, and suggested divinity through a perfect human figure |
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| a painter and tried to reach a beauty that surpassed human standards |
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| studied the human body and tried to capture perfection of it, regardless of how real it was |
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| story written by Dante to describe the soul’s journey through heaven, hell, and purgatory |
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| condemned the Medicci family, gained power but lost it after people got sick of his strict policies (no drinking, swearing, dancing, painting, horseracing, music, books, etc.) |
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| developed a new, realistic style of painting frescos |
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| family who held power in Florence, lost it briefly to Savonarola but soon gained it back |
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| artist who learned about the Italian views on perspective: did not reject minute details and fit the details into his paintings |
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| wrote The Prince, a book that revolutioned the thinking about politics, said a ruler did not have to be moral all the time and said that humans were selfish |
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| The Book of the City of Ladies |
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| written to defend women’s rights and stated that they were just as good as men |
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| a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg. Luther believed that people can never do enough good works to save themselves, and are thus saved on their faith alone |
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| the movement that called for the reform of the Church. Humanists believed that people had the ability to reason and better themselves. They also believed that people would become more pious by reading the classics and the basic works of Christianity |
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| a Christian Humanist philosopher who wrote In Praise of Folly |
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| group of corrupt popes whose actions during the Renaissance caused Martin Luther to break away; were focused on material matters more that spiritual ones. |
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| a release from sin and reduces time spent in purgatory. Indulgences could be bought as relics which could then be venerated or as certificates. |
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| a movement which stressed the need to follow Jesus’ teachings |
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| that if a person has faith in God, then God makes that person worthy of salvation. He grants His salvation because He is merciful and salvation cannot be gained through good works |
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| location where Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses |
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| pope during the start of the Reformation who did not take Luther seriously, called him a ‘drunken monk who would sober up to his senses’ |
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| Charles V and Charles I were the same person, with Charles I being the King of Spain and Charles V the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire |
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| declared Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| the agreement that officially recognized the division of Christianity in Germany and ended the religious warfare. This allowed the German states to be able to choose between being Catholic or Lutheran and gave Lutheran states the same rights as Catholic states |
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| reformer who was killed him, cut up his body, and burned the pieces by his enemies |
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| a leader in the Protestant Church and took control after Huldrych Zwingli was killed. He believed in justification and predestination. |
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| the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) |
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| created the Church of England; broke away from the Catholic Church |
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| Henry wanted to divorce her because she did not bear him a son; was this divorce that led to him breaking away from the Church |
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| woman who Henry wanted to marry to bear him a son |
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| bishop who went against the Church and declared Henry and Catherine’s marriage divorced and allowed Henry to marry Anne |
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| opposed Henry and was beheaded for it |
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| Henry’s only son; was sickly; during his reign Protestant doctrine was favored |
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| Henry’s eldest daughter; aka Bloody Mary; favored the Catholic doctrine and killed anyone who didn’t |
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| the founder of the Jesuit order, which were used as missionaries |
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| realized that the Church needed some reformation so he called together the Council of Trent |
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| was established to reform the Church and to help reestablish trust in the Church |
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| sponsored by Portugal, discovered India |
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| sponsored by Span, discovered Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola |
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| sponsored by England, discovered New England Coastline |
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| sponsored by Spain and Portugal, discovered South American coast |
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| sponsored by Spain, discovered Peru |
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| sponsored by Spain, sailed around the world |
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| a Spanish conqueror of the Americas |
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| helped establish spice trade for Portuguese in southern Asia |
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| imaginary line which divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal |
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| a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct governmental control |
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| The phrase Gold, God, and Glory tells why the Europeans wanted to explore the world. Gold means the wealth and riches, often gold, which could be acquired. God describes how the explores sought to spread their religion to the native peoples in the lands they explored. Glory tells how the explorers would receive fame and glory in the lands that sponsored them for finding new lands |
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| set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver |
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| the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time |
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| part of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands |
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| an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures |
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| king of the Congo; complained to the Europeans about his cities lacking in young men and women, but his cries were ignored |
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| area which produced the most slaves in Africa; were African |
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| the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route |
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| colony controlled by the Portuguese |
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| civilization destroyed by the slave trade- was once a brilliant society, but pulled into the slave trade causing warfare to increase, population to decline, the loss of faith in their gods, and the increase of more human sacrifice |
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