Term
|
Definition
| Tribe from C Asia - took Baghdad, "protected" the Caliph. Controlled modern Turkey, Iran. Broke up into successor states because of inheritance practices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conquers Jerusalem from Crusaders in 1187. Doesn't kill many people. Ruled by Nur al-Din Zengi of Alleppo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unites Mongol tribes which means they must expand. Takes Beijing in 1215. Anatolia in 1218. Dies in 1227. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mongols ruling Persia (1250-1353). Take Baghdad, kill Caliph in 1258. Wipe many cities off the map. Become Muslim, end last crusades. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mongols ruling C Asia (1240-1450). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| State ruled by military. The military is the muscle but the administration is made of locals of a particular class. Mostly Turko-/Mongol states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious centers of learning, often patronized by wealthy rulers. Start in NE Iran in 900's. Key institution of Islamic Civilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pious endowment, often used as a tax loophold, represented a large chunk of Muslim wealth. Examples = mosques, madrasas, public fountains, and hospitals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict with Islamic religious authority - have the idea of oneness with God ("I am the Truth"). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fundamentalist backlash to late Sunni tradition dominance. Desires return to first 3 generation of Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1192-1390. Ghaznavids rule first, followed by Ghurids (defeated Ghaznavids), and then their Mamluk guards who overthrew them in 1206. Founded 3 cities in Delhi. Destroyed by Tamerlane in 1390. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5th Mughal Emperor, ruled 1628-1658. Led "Golden Age" of Mughals. Pious Muslim. Enforced shariah law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Re-imposed jizya - led to mass resentment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sufi order in India founded by Muin al-Din Chisht (d. 1193) - uses music, dance, and yoga. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led anti-syncretist movement in India - wanted pure Arabian Islam. Died 1624. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Port area of N. Sumatra - one of first areas of conversion to Islam in SE Asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethnic group in SE Asia - key center of Muslim population - engaged in trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Islam spread through trade here - merchants traveled with the seasons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sufi order in Senegal founded by Shaykh Amadou Bamba (d. 1927). Opposed French rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Died 1927. Founded the Muridiyya in Senegal - opposed French rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Means "money." Had a Muslim Court but not a Muslim local population. Ruled by Mansas (kings). Most famous Mansa was Musa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defeat Mansas in 1463, capital in Timbuktu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Key trading hub on the Niger river. 160 madrasas make it a center of learning. Muslim influence doesn't spread much beyond the city. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muhammad al-Mahdi declares himself in 1881. Counfounds Sunni Ulama, beat British soldiers. Captures Khartoum and dies naturally in 1885. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decoration using patterns of rhythmic lines - scolling, interlacing, or plain lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Architecture - small, pointed niches stacked in tiers, typically used with domes/arches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pointed top of arch - common for doorways ______ | /\ | | / \ | | | | | |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1299-1922. Founded by Osman, a Turk. Take Constantinople in 1453. Balkans = Ottoman heartland. 1517 = secure hold on the Middle East. Very good at innovation and adaptation, have very good leaders. Identifies as Sunni after fighting Shiite Safavids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1500-1757(1857). Mongol - take Delhi in 1555. Use Turkic and Hindu troops, not slaves. Absurdly wealthy. Muslim overlords rule with cooperation of local Hindu princes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1501-1722. Turks. Infi Tariqa creates an Alid messianic movement that gains political and military power, they join forces with the Qizilbash nomads. Movement culminates with Shah Ismail (d. 1524) who claims to be God incarnate. Responsible for forced conversion of Iran to shi'ism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ottoman Empire's elite infantry - trained slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (r. 1520-1556) Pinnacle of Ottomans - followed by *very* slow decline to 1922 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (r. 1587-1629) Pinnacle of Safavids - oversees transition from extremism to orthodox Imami shi'ism. Builds solid state-religion relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (r. 1556-1605) Pinnacle of Mughal empire. |
|
|
Term
| Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab |
|
Definition
| (d. 1792) Learns in Medina, Mecca, and Basra to focus on unity of God (tawhid) and hadiths. Is judge in C Arabia - teaches people ways of orthodox Islam. Many parallels to the Prophet - 20 wives, must fight polygamists. Makes alliance with Saud, the Amir of Dir'iyya, to spread religion with force. Against idolatry, saints, excessive sufism, shi'ism, social hierarchy, usury, schools of law, foreign science. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (d. 1817) Founder of Sokoto Caliphate - is part of nomadic Fulani people - preaches return to Sunna - gains political power and leads to creation of statelets. Has 13 wives and is anti-racism and anti-tribalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded by Fodio - leads to mass conversion of local people to Islam - 1804-08 = Jihad against non-Muslims. They allow tribes to peacefully integrate. Conquered by British but Sultan of Sokoto is still very important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Performing religious actions for social benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| following other humans blindly without asking for proof from the Quran or Sunna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief in the unicity of God |
|
|
Term
| Modernity/Great Western Transmutation |
|
Definition
| An economic, political, intellectual, and cultural change in society that began in 1780's Western Europe and continues today. Not inherently western though - about confronting a new way of ordering society. Inevitable, not a choice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imposed in India by British in 1790's - fuses shariah with English tradition. |
|
|
Term
| Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza 'ini |
|
Definition
| Algerian sufi opposed to French rule militarily. Supported human rights. Died 1883. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (d. 1897) Modernist Salafi and activist from Iran - supported pan-Islamism that would be dynamic and competitive with the West. Supports rationalism and didn't like sufism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (d. 1905) Modernist Salafi of Egypt - was big for all following Egyptian thinkers. Leads revolt vs the British in 1882. Later learns to love British and support modernization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (d. 1888) Modernist, establish Mohamadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, India |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ass. 1977) Iranian Islamo-Marxist who advocated for liberation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mufti of Egypt - Madhab traditionalist |
|
|
Term
| Shaykh Nasir al-Din al-Albani |
|
Definition
| (d. 1998) Traditionalist Salafi Hadith scholar - return to early Islam without schools of law. From Syria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (executed 1966) Radical ideologue of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood - accused of planning to kill Egyptian Presid Nasser. Manichean view of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ass. 1949) Founder of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Embraced democracy with a Caliph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occasions of revelation - context and time are key to interpret meaning of Quranic verses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abrogating and abrogated verses/hadiths - determined the Quran's "final word" or stance on a subject |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Struggle/war for Islam. Violent or internal. Usually requires authority to declare and isn't unlimited. Main historical understanding is as a sort of Just War Theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Die for the cause of Jihad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to justify an offensive conception of Jihad - they're short, have important context (not broad principles), and come later in the Quran. Preferred interpretation by leaders to start wars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Face veil covering the whole face except the eyes, only required by the Hanbali schools of law (and one opinion in the Schafi school). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| headscarf/general 'orthodox' dress of a woman; required by all Sunni and Shiite schools of law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persian word for the black, tent-like head scarf with black robe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| full head and body covering for women, generally found in Afghanistan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Egyptian feminist of the early 20th Century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freed slave, practiced openly |
|
|
Term
| Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple |
|
Definition
| Established in 1925 in Chicago. Similar to Shriners. Stresses clean life, no drugs, strong families, and community. Book = 'Circle Seven Quran.' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stars in the 1930's Detroit - by WD Far and Elijah Mohammad. Says Africans are from the Tribe of Shabbaz from Mecca taken by evil whites. Focus is on social improvement and a sense of community/nobility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More moderate than WD Fard - splinters from Nation of Islam, leads Sunnis in the US |
|
|
Term
| Islamic Society of North America |
|
Definition
| Founded 1982 by Student immigrants |
|
|
Term
| USA vs. Humanitarian Law Project |
|
Definition
| Ruled speech in coordination with terrorist group qualifies as material support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Went to Yemen for a week, posted al-Qaeda videos online. Ruled guilty even though he didn't coordinate with the group or plan an attack. |
|
|
