Term
Gardens of the Middle Ages
(factors) |
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Definition
profound religous dedication
mysticism and superstition
orientation was inward
pattern of settlement: small villages/walled cities
travel difficult and dangerous
rise of fear
the black death |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
covered walkway joining cubicles around open space
central area - sometimes all paved, sometimes with garden for growing herbs, nearly always a well in the center
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Term
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Definition
| a woven fence popular in cloister gardens |
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Term
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Definition
1260
wrtoe about gardens and horticulture |
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Term
| trees in cloister gardens |
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Definition
| elaborate grafting of trees, many fruit on a single tree, idea was to make new kind of fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| later middle ages gardens, small artificial hill in the middle or against a wall, point from which entire garden can be seen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a maze that became more elaborate as time wore on |
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Term
| Islamic Garden Influences |
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Definition
earlier civilizations - egypt and rome
arid and semi-arid environment
islam
high walls
visual privacy
insulated from diffucult life outside |
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Term
| Islamic Garden Influences 2 |
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Definition
interiors highly decorated
exteriors were plain and simple
respect for life sustaining resources
water used alot but in restraint
lack of statues
great admiration for symbolic forms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "God is Beautiful and he loves beauty." |
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Definition
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Term
| symbolism in islamic gardens |
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Definition
| dislike for formal representation of nature |
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Term
Islamic Garden Characteristics
Plants |
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Definition
fruit - date and palms
shade
color
fragrance
high hedges |
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Term
Islamic Garden Characteristics
Structures |
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Definition
pavilions and tents
covered passageways connecting indoors and out
elaborate paving |
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Term
islamic garden characteristics
sounds |
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Definition
water
birds in cages
musicians
wind initiated musical instruments |
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Term
islamic garden characteristics
layout |
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Definition
enclosed courtyards
syommetrical
built into hillsides
manipulating spatial volumes
sense of mystery |
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Term
islamic garden characteristics
water |
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Definition
emphasize architectural elements (dynamic)
mask outdoor noise (pleasing sound)
moisturize dry climate
irrigation
cleansing before prayer |
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Term
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Definition
1248-1354
35 acres
sierra nevadas
20" of rainfall
fortress wall with 13 towers
series of flat gardens and rectangular courtyards |
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Term
| what does alhambra mean in arabic? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1275
garden of the architect
2 acres
above alhambra by 200 ft
summer retreat for kings of granada and their harems
canal garden |
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Term
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Definition
1632-1653
built by shah jahar
agra, india
subtropic
37" rainfaill
20 years and 20,000 workers to build
complete symmetry
white marble |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who was Villa d'este built for? |
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Definition
| cardinal ippolito d'este ferrara |
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Term
| who designed villa d'este? |
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Definition
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Term
| water works in villa d'este? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
on steep hillside
river anio nearby
began in 1549
approximately 13 acres
renaissance sense of mastery over environment - part of town destoyed
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Term
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Definition
branch of anio diverted for water to garden
100 gallons of water per second
ippolitio wanted the axis to point north
huge retaining wall on the west
175 foot change of elevation in the garden |
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Term
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Definition
entrance at lower level
modeled after the mythical garden of hesperides
statue of hercules in center
influenced by excavations at hadrians villa
massive earthworks to create terraces
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Term
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Definition
| walk of 100 fountains at villa d'este |
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Term
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Definition
bagnaia, italy
50 miles NE of Rome |
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Term
| who first owned villa lante? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who later owned villa lante? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
4 acres in size
started in 1566 and completed in 1578
enclosed by walls and large wooden park
perfect bilateral symmetry
user only crosses axis
water features at level changes |
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Term
| transition of lowest partere to top in villa lante |
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Definition
| size and level of formality |
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Term
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Definition
tradition of urban open space
roman forum
center of activities
piazza of middle ages emerges on its own
political and cultural events
relgious events
places for people |
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Term
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Definition
florence
palazza vecchio - old palace
loggia dei lanzi
uffizi
l-shaped space
medieval lack of right angles
windmill design |
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Term
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Definition
siena
palazza pubblico - public palace
torre del mangia - tower of bread?
cappella di piazza - chapel of the palace
palio - horserace |
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Term
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Definition
historically medieval
theatrical
height of buildings level
natural amphitheater
semi-circular space
radial, paving pattern
blocked sight-lines
11 streets enter, none through |
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Term
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Definition
piazzeta
campanile - bell tower
lion of san marco
st. theodore - patron saint of venice
two spaces
companile divides space |
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Term
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Definition
rome
bernini
parvis
piazza retta - closest to cathedral
piazza obliqua - oval shape ellipse
piazza rusticucci |
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Term
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Definition
1400s and 1500s in france
change from middle ages to renaissance
england lost its possessions in france
end of 100 years war
peace reigned more wealth and more leisure |
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Term
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Definition
the loire, formerly the refuge of the monarchy, now becomes an extended gallery, where the court moved from castle to castle.
change in chateu in loire river valley from feudal chateau |
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Term
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Definition
Cher River
1535 became property of Francois 1
1547 owned by henri 2 - gave to his mistress diane de poitiers
she built east parterre
note the allees |
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Term
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Definition
also added allees through the forest
when henri died, left to wife, catherine de medici
court of honor
jardin de diane de poitieres
jardin de catherine de medici
chateu
gallery
river cher
gardens and chateau are separate |
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Term
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Definition
1532
3rd most visited garden
reconstruction of 16th century estate
gardens laid out by jean le breton and francis is secretary of state |
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Term
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Definition
during 18 and 19 centuries, grounds redesigned in english landscapes
different levels
garden of love
bosque - grove of trees in a grid
kitchen garden |
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Term
French Barouque Garden
1st Factor |
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Definition
| Charles VIII in 1495 conquers the kingdom of naples. "by all military interpretation, charles won the war in italy, but the more importnat fact is that italy won his heart" brought back pasello |
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Term
| French Baroque Gardens Factor 2 |
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Definition
| hunting lodge with preserve, round point et allee |
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Term
| French Baroque Garden factor 3 |
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Definition
| king louis XIV - built versaille, garden development, le roi soleil - the sun king, became king at 5 in 1643 for 72 years, 17th century of western history is century of louis XIV |
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Term
| French Baroque Gardens factor 4 |
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Definition
andre le notre
born 1613
son of jean le notre - chief gardener at tuileries
grandosn of pieere le notre, chief gardener |
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Term
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Definition
1563, catherine de medici bought land
she wanted to create an italian style garden
over time garden was changed and expanded
most significant changes under andre le notre in 1792 |
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Term
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Definition
designed gardens at Vaux le vicomte
designed gardens at versailles
at age of 66 was received by pope in the vatican |
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Term
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Definition
England
site of former monastery
confiscated by henry the 8th in 1538
during reign of james I, property was traded to robert cecil
cecil built the present house and gardens
symmetrical - gardens bilateral symmetry
topography - goes with the lay of the land, not flat like france
ha ha wall |
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Term
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Definition
palace of henry viii
originally owned by cardinal thomas wolsey, chief advisor to henry viii
gave to henry in 1525
unsuccessful in getting papal approval of henrys divorce
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Term
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Definition
during reign of william and mary, addition was made to rear of palace.
sir christopher wren was architect
laid of gardens in formal french style
queen ann succeeded W and M and eliminated boxwood parterre
english answer to versailles
hatchery converted to pond garden |
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Term
|
Definition
Wales
italian style
tight terraces
color instead of water
statues - folktalkes |
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Term
|
Definition
| German wrote italian opera in england |
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Term
| English Landscape School factor 1 |
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Definition
| interest in the far east - non symmetrical, non formal, naturalistic |
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Term
| English Landscape School factor 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| English Landscape School factor 3 |
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Definition
| queen anne - leisure and pleasure, golden age |
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Term
| English landscape school factor 4 |
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Definition
wave of romanticism - paintings of claude lorrah
natural ancient ruins and casual landscape |
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Term
|
Definition
1664-1726
soldier, dramatist, adventurer, architect, collborator with sir christopher wren, designed blenheim palace, first signs of new landscape style, most works in old style |
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Term
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Definition
died 1738
transition figure
collaborated with vanbrugh
reputed inventor of haha wall
designer at stowe |
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Term
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Definition
1685 - 1748
painter and scenic designer
designer at chiswick house
free flowing designs (contrived)
few flowers
gravel meandering walkes
unclipped hedges
classical temples
bridges
planted dead trees
trees in clumps
"dumplings in sea of sauce" |
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Term
lancelot "capability" brown
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Definition
1716 - 1783
worked under kent
worked at stowe
reshaped landforms
lakes and rivers
pastoral scenery
looked good from certain points
head gardener at hampton court
planted the great vine |
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Term
|
Definition
1752 - 1818
major proffessional figure
no special training
1780s sent letter to friends - services as landscape gardener available
first to use title
wrote redbooks - describe project before and after |
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Term
| English Landscape School Characteristics |
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Definition
| naturalistic, like paradise, elysian fields, views like those paintings, belt of trees, haha walls, follies, wide rivers, lakes, lack of symmetry and straight lines, lots of trees, cattle/sheep/deer |
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Term
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Definition
| greater london, 1717-1729, central axis, worked on by bridgeman (west) and kent (east) |
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Term
|
Definition
statues
poet's corner
pavilion
bridge |
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Term
|
Definition
more natural unclipped hedges few flowers meandering walks |
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Term
|
Definition
major work 1713-1760
transition from old style to new
great follies
major players - vanbrugh, bridgeman, kent, brown |
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Term
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Definition
temple of concord
grecian valley
temple of virtue
palladian bridge
temple of friendship (ruins)
gothic temple
temple of henglish
the hermitage - need for hermit
would hire little old men for it |
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Term
|
Definition
birthplace of winston churchill
bridge |
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Term
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Definition
ultimate in english landscape school
designed by owner - henry hoave 1740
planned stream to form 3 cornered lake
planted trees to enclose
walk around the lake is allegory - virgil's aeneid
house is not a part
many follies
1st true english landscape school garden
temple of apollo
the grottoa
the gothic cottage
the pantheon
the bridge
the bristol cross and st peter
temple of flora |
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Term
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Definition
1785-1871
milirary man, world traveler, writer, friend of kings, park designer
studied law and english landscape school
visited places desinged by brown and repton
visited england twice before 1816
returned to germany with parcomania
inherited small principality called muskau
made entire 1853 acres into an englishe garten
1834 wrote a book, hints on landscape gardening
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Term
| Nine principles of hermann ludwig heinrich |
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Definition
| unity, inwardness, outwardness, simplicity, man as nature, house-garden unified, ecology for humans, variety, and educational values and public use |
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Term
| Heinrich Principle of Unity |
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Definition
| The indispensable foundation for the building of a park is a controlling scheme. it should be begun and carried out with entire consistency. a microcosm, a perfect self-contained world in little. |
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Term
| heinrich principle of inwardness |
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Definition
| cohesion and unity in park is achieved by the fact that the entire park was in a bowl shaped valley |
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Term
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Definition
| distant views...lying away beyond the actual grounds, give an appearance of measureless extent. VIEWS |
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Term
| heinrich principle of simplicity |
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Definition
| even though acheving the results of the park was difficult (diverting a river), the desired effect was a simplicity and effortlessess - hallmark of eng land school |
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Term
| heinrich principle of man as nature |
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Definition
| the prince did nto like the english exclusion of people in the landscape, only cattle and idyllic scenery, he felt the inclusion of factories, mills, and houses were part of the human experience and belonged in the landscape including people. |
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Term
| heinrich principle of house-garden unified |
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Definition
| delineation between garden and landscape: the grounds immediately surrounding the manor house should reflect the architecture, but more importantl, should be an extension of indoor spaces. gardens around the house more formal. |
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Term
| heinrich principle of ecology for humans |
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Definition
| he saw the worl as a total ecology which included man using native plants character of the country |
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Term
| heinrich principle of variety |
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Definition
| in the layout of roads, he was keenly aware of the importance of giving the viewer a variety of scenes. the same objects are often seen from different views. |
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Term
| heinrich principle of educational values and public use |
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Definition
| he was concerned for the education of the public. the park was open to everyone. he was especially concerned with vandalism. as people began to see the park as their own, they would take care not to destroy it. |
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Term
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Definition
to finance, married countess lucie pappenheim
wealthy widow
bankrupt and divorced her
traveled to england in search of new wife
married again
in 1845 ran out of money
forced to sell land
moved to smaller family property
continued til death in 1871 |
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Term
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Definition
master planning - all encompassing
all human endeavor on the land should be planned
ecological approach
use of native plants
designed for users
approach to controlling vandalism - personal ownership
public park
parks provided educational and therapuetic benefits |
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Term
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Definition
1791-1868
invented the wardian case in 1829 (terrariums)
the great orchid craze of the late victorian age was entirely possible because of the dr wards case, and many of the houseplants we know today were first collected and grown in wardian cases. |
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Term
Gardens of the Italian Renaissance
The Western Tradition 25: Eugene Weber |
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Definition
Age of Discovery and the renaissance
14th - 16th century
culture
eyeglasses and chimneys, spinning wheel, wheel barrell, and buttons |
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Term
| humanists italian renaissance |
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Definition
| trying to discover the secrets of life by reviving classics |
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Term
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Definition
the prince
power politics as they are
politics - a jungle, strong take what they want
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Term
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Definition
| ...is great" always in trouble but most impressive thing on earth |
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Term
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Definition
latin, limited reading
16th century: publishing company opened for commoners |
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Term
| italian renaissance gardens factors |
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Definition
| more wealth, more leisure, more conspicuous consumption, consumption of culture - antiquity - in literature, architecture, visual arts "capture greatness of ancients", man is the measure of all things, sistene chapel - man is great. |
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Term
| italian renaissance gardens design form |
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Definition
| built on hillside, terraces (like generalife), house - subordinate to garden, bilateral symmetry, spatial manipulation, comparmentalized, geometrically organized, open and formal or closed and secluded |
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Term
| italian renaissance gardens factors 2 |
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Definition
color - green and grays, shade - hedges and boscoes, no color pops
scuplture, parterre - shrubs in geometric forms, framed views
water used extensively - at change in elevation (splashes/waterfalls) gravity fed, subtle to extravagant, organizing force, tricks.
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Term
| italian renaissance garden structures |
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Definition
| houses, casinos - rec rooms, retaining walls, fountains |
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Term
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Definition
| going to countryside villa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| open space to gather (piazza) - small version |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
commissioned in 1450 by cosimo medici
lorenzo medici led florce during renaissance, cosimo is ihis son
made money as merchants
dominated politics and architecture
built between 1461 and 1458 |
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Term
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Definition
steep hillside
walls and terraces
water did not play a significant role
movement from terrace to terrace was difficult
main terrace subdivided into 3 parts
designed as country residence = NEW IDEA
high retaining wall
amazing views |
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Term
| Andre le Notre principles of composition a |
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Definition
| a. the garden no longer to be a mere extension of the house, which itself becomes on a part of a great land composition |
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Term
| a l n principles of compostion b |
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Definition
| b. solid as opposed to 2-dimmensional geometry based on axiality, related to an undulating site |
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Term
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Definition
| shaped as though carved out of order woodlands and crisply defined by clipped hedges |
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Term
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Definition
| the baroque quality of unity with sky and surroundings achieved by water reflection and avenues leading indefinitely outwards |
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Term
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Definition
| the scale expanding as it recedes from house |
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Term
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Definition
| sculpture and fountains, themselves works of art, to provide rhythm and punctuate space |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of optics to direct the eye firmyl without power to roam, and illusionist devices to make distance seem nearer or further |
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Term
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Definition
| the apparent revelation of the whole project in a glance, and the later element of surprise and contrast mainly in intimate woodlands. |
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Term
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Definition
| the disposal of all parts, and especially of steps and stairways, for the dignity and enhancement of persons in movement; their scale to be larger and life, and thus to give a sense of being within a heroic landscape of the gods |
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Term
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Definition
begun in 1656 and finished in 1661
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Term
|
Definition
| Nicolas Fouguet, finance minister to louis XIV |
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Term
| vaux le vicomte architect |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
began in 1661
cost was never a consideration
site of hunting lodge
swampy site
labor unlimited
swiss lake dug by army |
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Term
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Definition
3000 orange trees from italy
1200 from vaux
20 acres of kitchen gardens
court moved frfom paris
water was the problem |
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Term
|
Definition
wind mills drained water table
pump at marley
aqueduct and canal begun 23 miles
king never aware of problem
many alterations additions |
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Term
| 3 factors that begin with C |
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Definition
communication is key in the designing of the landscape
climate can determine design of garden, hot cold wet dry
different cultures have different designs |
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Term
| three factors that begin with p |
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Definition
more prosperity means more extensive gardens
political stability means more time to build gardens (no unrest)
people, peoples tastes change as time goes on |
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Term
| Concerning the plants used at Queen Hatshepsut's funerary temple, what was significant about a certain incense bearing tree from the land of Punt? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea of laying out streets in the grid system is attributed to what greek man? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what geographic features protected egypt from outside invasion? |
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Definition
| sahara desert and the mediterannean sea |
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Term
| what factors led to the decline of rome? |
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Definition
| political corruption, fast expansion of empire, wars and military spending, failing economy, decline in ethics and morals, natural disasters, christianity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what was the marketplace in greece called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| briefly describe the hanging gardens of babylon |
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Definition
| hangning plants arranged in terraces and tiers |
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Term
the layout of residences found in pompeii can be traced to another country
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Definition
|
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Term
| in attempting to grow grass according to albertus mangus, what was used as a means of killing unwanted seeds nad roots before planting turves of meadow grass? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe the mount and the role it played in gardens |
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Definition
| raised piece of earth located in the garden in which you can view the entire garden or the view outside of the walled garden |
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Term
| what garden form was the model for secular gardens during the middle ages? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a woven fence used to section off parts of gardens |
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Term
| name 4 of the 7 factors that characterized life in the middle ages |
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Definition
| black death, fuedal system, religion, dangerous living conditions hence the need for walled cities |
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Term
| what changed from the middle ages to the renaissance? |
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Definition
| more wealth, more leisure, more conspicuous consumption, and the mood |
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Term
| from the video, renaissance and the age of discovery, there is one phrase that is indicative of what is seen in the sistine chapel. what is that phrase? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the italian phrase used to describe the good life |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where did the renaissance begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| give three characteristics of italian hillside gardens of the renaissance |
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Definition
water used extensively
hedges
colors including green and greys |
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Term
|
Definition
| gallery or corridor at ground leavel and has one side open to a garden |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why was capability brown given that nickname> |
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Definition
| because he was known for talking about the land's capability |
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Term
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Definition
| a building that people dont live in, a central focal point |
|
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Term
| explain the connection between the gardens of the far east and the english landscape school |
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Definition
| gardens of the far east tried to recreate natural looking landscape, this idea was used in the els |
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Term
| why was the haha wall perfect for the english landscape school |
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Definition
| it created a sense of a continuing landscape while keeping cattle away from the house |
|
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Term
| what did the paintings of claude lorrain have to do with the english landscape school |
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Definition
| the naturalistic landscapes that he painted inspired the ideals of the english landscape school |
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Term
| what were red books and who wrote them |
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Definition
| humphry reptons design books where he sketched before and afters of the landscapes he worked on |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Island and Bridge
Blenheim
"Finest View in England" |
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Term
|
Definition
view from front of palace
blenheim |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
italian garden and orangery
blenheim |
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Term
|
Definition
south face of palace
blenheim |
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Term
|
Definition
| south face of palace blenheim |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
palladian mansion
chiswick |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
entrance parterre
hatfield house |
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Term
|
Definition
limewalk and forthright
hatfield house |
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Term
|
Definition
urn in the wilderness
hatfield house |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
abbey parterre
hatfield house |
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Term
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Definition
abbey parterre
hatfield house |
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Term
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Definition
south face of the palace looking at privy garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
privy garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
view looking at long garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
smaller pond garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
pond garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
transition between palace and smaller gardens
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
fountain court
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
dutch entrance in spring
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rose garden
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
laburnum walk
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
east face of the palace and allee of yews
hampton court |
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Term
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Definition
apollos fountain from west face
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
apollos fountain
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
west face of chateau
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
latona fountain
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
north face of chateau
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
north parterre
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
north parterre
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
view towards west
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
south parterre and swiss lake
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
parterre of the orangery and swiss lake
versailles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
view of cascades and back of chateau
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
grottoes and hercules
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
raised urns of flowers
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
back face of chateau
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
upper level parterre
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
upper level parterre
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
view of parterre and conffessional
vaux le vicomte |
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Term
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Definition
st. peters basilica
piazza di san pietro |
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Term
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Definition
piazza obliqua
piazza di san pietro |
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Term
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Definition
piazza obliqua and piazza rusticucci
piazza di san pietro |
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Term
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Definition
companile from the harbor
piazza san marco |
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Term
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Definition
piazzetta columns of st theodore and lion of venice
piazza san marco |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
uffizi
piazza della signoria |
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Term
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Definition
palazza vecchio
piazza della signoria |
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Term
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Definition
uffizi
piazza della signoria |
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Term
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Definition
uffizi
piazza della signoria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lower terrace and casnio
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
lower terrace and fountain of the moors
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lower terrace
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
lower terrace and village
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
fountain of lights
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
cardinals table and fountain of giants
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
fountain of giants
villa lante |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grotto and fountain of deluge |
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Term
|
Definition
organ fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
organ fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
organ fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
organ fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
dragon fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dragon fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
dragon fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
walk of 100 fountains
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
bicchierone fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
fountain of arethusa
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
fountain of arethusa
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
view top of organ fountain
villa deste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
court of the lions
alhambra |
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Term
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Definition
court of the lions
alhambra |
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Term
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Definition
court of the myrtles
alhambra |
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Term
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Definition
winter in the court of lions
alhambra |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
view of generalife from alhambra
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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