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| Mesopotamian invent writing and establish first cities. |
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| Narmar unites upper and lower Egypt into one kingdom. |
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| Hammurabi rules Babylon and issues law code. |
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| The Mycenaeans build their first palaces in Greece and take over Minoan Crete. |
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| Greeks began to create the polis. |
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| Ionian philosophers invent rationalism. |
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| Israelites are exiled to Babylon. |
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| Solon's reforms promote early democracy in Athens. |
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| Wars between Persia and Greece. |
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| Rule of the 30 tyrants at Athens. |
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| Restoration of Democracy in Athens |
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| Alexander the Great leads Greeks and Macedonians to conquer the Persian Empire |
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| Successors of Alexander declare themselves kings |
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| The Maccabees revolt after Antiochus the IV turns the temple in Jerusalem into a Greek sanctuary. |
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