Term
| t/f: x-rays can be stored by radioactive materials |
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Definition
| False; (X-rays are not stored, nor do they come from radioactive materials) |
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Term
| 3 things used for productions of x-rays? |
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Definition
A source of electrons
A means of accelerating the electrons
A way to bring the electrons to a sudden stop |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an electrode toward which negatively charged electrons migrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a filament that gives off electrons when heated (the source of electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tube housing through a device consisting of open lead shutters called |
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Term
| What is the primary byproduct of x-ray energy conversion? |
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Definition
1. Energy conversion takes place and the result of the sudden deceleration of the electrons at the anode.
2. Heat is the primary by product of the energy conversion. |
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Term
| T/F: Digital imaging provides enhanced imaging and cross-sectional view |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages of digital imaging? |
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Definition
1. Enhances images of the body, but it does not provide cross-sectional views
2. Primary advantages of digital equipment include the ability to post-process images in a variety of ways to provide multiple views of the anatomy
3. Density and contrast can be altered any time without re-exposing the patient
4. Images are stored in a computer and can be transmitted to multiple locations on a network |
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Term
| What are the advantages of digital imaging? |
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Definition
1. Enhances images of the body, but it does not provide cross-sectional views
2. Primary advantages of digital equipment include the ability to post-process images in a variety of ways to provide multiple views of the anatomy
3. Density and contrast can be altered any time without re-exposing the patient
4. Images are stored in a computer and can be transmitted to multiple locations on a network |
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Term
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Definition
| Is imaging by sections or sectioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluoroscopy is a technique for continuous or intermittent x-ray monitoring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and any pathological lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and any pathological lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive way to take pictures of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside of the body. |
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Term
| Which 2 interactions are important with x-ray images? |
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Definition
| Only Compton Effect and Photoelectric Effect are important to making an x-ray image |
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Term
| What is subtraction with digital imaging? |
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Definition
| In digital imaging studies of arteries, for example, it is possible to remove the tissue and bones from the image |
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Term
| ____ is a sheet of polyester plastic w/silver bromide |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: electromagnetic radiation interacts with structures similar in size to radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: electromagnetic radiation interacts with structures similar in size to radiation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| X-rays have long or short wavelengths? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define Classical scattering |
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Definition
| Classical scattering is an interaction between low energy x-rays and atoms. |
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Term
| Define Classical scattering |
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Definition
| Classical scattering is an interaction between low energy x-rays and atoms. |
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Term
| Define Compton scattering |
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Definition
| Compton scattering or the Compton effect, is the decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when it interacts with matter. |
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Term
| Define Coherent scattering: |
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Definition
| Scattering is a general physical process whereby some forms of radiation, such as light, sound or moving particles, for example, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which it passes. |
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Term
| X-rays are a form of ____ (sonic, nonionizing, static, electromagnetic) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who’s credited with the discovery of x-rays? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When radiation is only scattered by one localized scattering center, this is called single scattering. |
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Term
| Define:multiple scattering |
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Definition
| It is very common that scattering centers are grouped together, and in those cases the radiation may scatter many times, which is known as multiple scattering. |
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Term
| What year was x-ray discovered and what was he awarded? |
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Definition
| 1895; Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics [1901]. |
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Term
| Who designed the x-ray/vacuum tube? |
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Definition
| William Crookes (Crookes Tube) |
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Term
| What was the first x-ray that was made? |
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Definition
| Roentgen's image of his wife's hand |
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Term
| Who discovered radioactivity/credited? |
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Definition
| 1896: Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity, which was the beginning of the study of nuclear medicine. |
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Term
| Who introduced the model of an atom? |
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Definition
| 1913; Bohr introduced a model of the atom featuring a nucleus and orbiting electrons. |
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Term
| Who marketed the first cellulose nitrate film? |
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Definition
| 1916: Eastman Kodak marketed cellulose nitrate film, the first x-ray film. |
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Term
| What sources of radiation are everyone exposed to? |
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Definition
| Natural environmental & Man-made radiation |
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Term
| Name examples of natural/background radiation? |
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Definition
Cosmic radiation from the sun and stars
Radioactive elements in the earth (uranium, radium, thorium)
Radio-potassium and radiocarbon (found in foods, drinking water, and the air |
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Term
| Percentage of background radiation accounts for more than ___% of what the general public receives. |
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Definition
| More than half of the exposure that the general public receives |
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Term
| Name examples of man-made radiation. |
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Definition
Fallout from nuclear weapons testing and effluents from nuclear power plants
Radioactive materials used in industry
Medical and dental exposures |
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Term
| t/f: Use of dental radiographs account for mare than half of the general public’s exposure. |
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Definition
| True: The use of medical and dental radiographs accounts for 90% of the general public’s exposure to man-made radiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of gamma radiation measured by the amount of ionization in air. In non-bony biological tissue 1 roentgen delivers a dose approximately equal to 1 rad. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A unit of radioactivity that represents the amount of radioactivity associated with one gram of radium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One rad is equal to the absorption of radiation energy per gram of matter. It has been replaced by the gray |
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Term
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Definition
| Roentgen equivalent man, a unit used in radiation protection to measure the amount of damage to human tissue from a dose of ionizing radiation. Incorporates the health risks from radiation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is used in Nuclear Medicine studies with radionuclides |
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Term
| effective dose equivalent |
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Definition
| Absorbed dose multiplied by the appropriate quality factor and measured in rems |
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Term
| Radiation workers are allowed __ maximum REMs per year. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The general public is allowed __ REMs per year. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Less than 18 years are allowed __ REMs per year |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pregnant women are allowed __ REMs per year. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: photoelectric effect |
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Definition
| Is a quantum electronic phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays or visible light. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is the decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when it interacts with matter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains structures that are responsible for protein synthesis and metabolism essential to normal body functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for sexual reproduction |
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Term
| What are the possible results when radiation passes through a cell? |
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Definition
1. No damage
2. repairable
3. permanent
4. or lethal to the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| when ionizing radiation interacts directly w/DNA molecule, certain breaks can occur in the rung of the DNA ladder. If 2 direct hits occur to the same rung of the ladder, then a section of the chromosome is deleted. |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of somatic cell division whereby a parent cell divides to make daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell division of germ/sexual cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| biologic effects of ionizing radiation that appear in minutes, hours, days, or weeks |
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Term
|
Definition
| may not manifest themselves for periods of 1 – 30 years and are difficult to assess |
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Term
| acute radiation syndrome: |
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Definition
| occurs when a large dose (larger than 100 R) is received by the entire body over a short period of time. |
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Term
| What is the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau? |
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Definition
| Cells are most sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation when they are rapidly dividing. |
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Term
| What are the most radiosensitive cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who was the 1st person to receive to be presented with a certificate to practice radiography in St. Louis, 1922? |
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Definition
| Sister M. Beatrice Merrigan |
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Term
| Which has the most members in the ARRT? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Match
sievert,
gray,
rem,
roentgen,
etc |
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Definition
Roentgen – Coulomb
Rad – Gray (Gy)
Rem – Sievert (Sv)
Becquerel – used for Nuclear Medicine with radionuclides |
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