Term
| What are the differences between Plato and Aristotle? |
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Definition
| Plato used deductive reasoning, which means that he formed theories, and then pursued evidence (data) to prove his theory. Aristotle, believing in inductive reasoning, insisted on observing data or evidence BEFORE forming a theory. Aristotle’s empiricism meant that he did not believe in evidence that could not be detected by one of the five senses. |
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Term
| What are the major differences between structuralists and functionalists? |
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Definition
| Functionalism deals with how the brain works while the structuralists consciousness |
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Term
| What are major aspects of structuralism? |
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Definition
| The structuralists emphasized introspection as a means to study consciousness, therefore offering the self-report as a legitimate research method. The major theorist for structuralism was Titchner. |
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Term
| What are major aspects of functionalism? |
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Definition
| Functionalism emphasizes learning about how and why the mind words, or the processes. They stated that the mind/consciousness allows individuals to adapt to environment. Functionalists began animal psychology research |
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Term
| What are the main differences between the personalistic and naturalistic views of history? |
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Definition
| The personalistic view states that progress and change are due to individual will and charisma of unique individuals who alone direct history, while the naturalistic view says the times, the culture make the person |
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Term
| What is important about John Locke? |
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Definition
| He wrote, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding." He was interested in how the mind acquires knowledge. He said two types of experiences led to knowledge: sensation (direct sensory input from environment) and reflection (the mind processing stimuli). |
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Term
| Who is Philip Melanchthon? |
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Definition
| He was a friend of Martin Luther. Melanchthon's educational reforms may be his most enduring accomplishment. In 1524 he began establishing public schools, reorganizing universities, developing the pedagogical methods in which hundreds of teachers were instructed, and writing textbooks to be used by pupils without number. Humanist detractors taunted him, "Where Lutheranism reigns, knowledge shrivels." He contradicted them relentlessly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosopher and historian who wrote, "A Treatise of Human Nature." Hume distinguished between two kinds of mental contents: impression and ideas. Impressions are the basic elements of mental life, while ideas were mental experiences we have in the absence of any stimulation. He developed three laws of association: resemblance, contiguity, and cause/effect. Hume believed that the mind constructs complex ideas by mechanically combining simple ideas |
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Term
| Who is Herman Ebbinghaus? |
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Definition
| The first researcher to study learning and memory experimentally using himself as a subject. He invented nonsense syllables as a means of testing memory to avoid using words that people may already have associations with |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a student of Titchener who worked as the editor of the American Journal of Psychology for 40 years. He also researched attention |
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Term
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Definition
| He received the 1st PhD in psychology in the United States. He claimed to be the first student in the first year of the first psychology lab. He was a founder of and also the first president of the American Psychological Association. He started the "Journal of Applied Psychology" |
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Term
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Definition
| He tried to reorganize the approach to scientific study that people were taking by suggesting the need for observational study, aka empirical sciences |
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Term
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Definition
| He wrote the book, "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint." Although his book directly contradicted Wundt's views by stating that it was possible to study mental activity, they shared a desire to make psychology a science. Brentano developed "act psychology" which focused on mental activities (like seeing) rather than on mental contents (such as what is being seen) |
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Term
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Definition
| He proposed the theory of phrenology which stated that a person's personality was related to the bumps and dents in a person's skull |
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Term
| Who is Charles Henry Turner? |
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Definition
| He was a black psychologist who did animal research |
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Term
| Who is Hermann von Helmholz? |
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Definition
| He was a researcher in physics and physiology who took interest in psychology. He emphasized a mechanistic and deterministic approach, assuming that human senses functioned like machines. He researched the speed of the neural impulse, showing it was not instant. He looked at reaction times, and studied hearing and vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1850, he had an insight about the connection between mind and body. He noticed that an increase in the intensity of a stimulus did not match one-for-one with an increase in sensation. He proposed two ways to measure sensation. 1st-determine if a stimulus was present or not, sensed or not. The point at which a stimulus is first experienced is called the absolute threshold. He also described the differential threshold, or the least amount of stimulus that gives rise to a change in sensation. He wrote, "Elements of Psychophysics" |
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Term
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Definition
| He introduced the Reflex Arc to psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| James used the term, evolutionary psychology, and he believed that one day psychology would be based on evolutionary theory. He believed that much of human behavior is instinctive, meaning we are born with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first person to receive a PhD in industrial-organizational psychology. She promoted time-and-motion analysis as a technique to improve efficiency in job performance. She published a book about management by hiding her gender with initials |
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Term
| Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck? |
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Definition
| He proposed that animals evolved different body characteristics based on their efforts to adapt to the environment, a sort of behavioral theory of evolution (ex. giraffe) |
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Term
| What are the distinctions between modern psychology and its philosophical antecedents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Zeitgeist influences on applied psychology (especially industrial and clinical)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the clock metaphor? |
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Definition
| Mechanism held the view that the world is a great machine. The clock was the mother of machines. Clocks are mechanical in nature, and able to precisely measure time, something that had previously been thought impossible. The mechanists would have been focused on how the parts work together. The laws of physics and chemistry can explain everything |
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Term
| What was Descartes’ view of the mind-body problem and the pineal gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Ebbinghaus’ work on memory experiments? |
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Definition
| He invented nonsense syllables and then tested to see if it was easier to memorize them or words that were meaningful. He found it was 9 times harder to memorize the nonsense than the meaningful words. He noted that longer material took more repetitions to learn than shorter material. He also studied overlearning (repeating lists more times than necessary). He developed a famous "forgetting curve" which showed that material is rapidly forgotten at first, and then more slowly forgotten over time. He wrote the book, "The Principles of Psychology" |
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Term
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Definition
| Reporting the known properties of the stimulus rather than the sensory experience of it |
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Term
| What is a structuralists’ view of affect or emotion? |
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Definition
| Structuralists believed that feelings are unidimensional and based on affections |
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Term
| What was Darwin’s view of emotion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was James-Lange theory of emotion? |
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Definition
| Emotions are the consequence of bodily changes |
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Term
| What were differences between Titchener and Wundt? |
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Definition
| Titchener was only focused on structuralism, while Wundt was open to more theory. Wundt believed that feelings are tri-dimensional, while Titchener believed they were unidimensional. Titchener |
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Term
| What are some important aspects of Titchener’s life and work? |
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Definition
| He forwarded the "introspection method" which involved |
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Term
| What are G. Stanley Hall’s key research areas? |
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Definition
| Hall is referred to as a genetic psychologist. He developed many questionnaires as a form of research tool. He studied development, particularly in adolescents |
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Term
| What is recapitulation theory? |
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Definition
| Children in their personal development repeat the life history of the human race, evolving from a savage infant state to rational and civilized in adulthood |
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Term
| What is Social Darwinism? |
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Definition
| Applying the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human nature and society. The belief was that people, programs, businesses, or institutions that could not adapt were unfit for survival and should be allowed to perish for the betterment of society as a whole |
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Term
| What are soft and hard heredity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are William James' views on free will? |
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Definition
| He thought a lot of human behavior was instinctive or inborn (ex. parenting) |
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Term
| Discuss Angell’s speech on functionalism to APA |
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Definition
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Term
| What were some of Locke's beliefs? |
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Definition
| Locke focused on simple and complex ideas. Simple ideas could not be broken down further, they occur passively. When the mind actively processes simple ideas through reflection, this leads to complex ideas. Locke also proposed the theory of association, which we call the process of learning today. He also distinguished primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities existed whether they were perceived by others or not, while secondary qualities were existed in the perceptions of others. |
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Term
| What are some more differences between Plato and Aristotle |
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Definition
| Plato was a dualist, meaning that he saw soul and body as separate entities, while Aristotle believed that the soul and body are one. Aristotle believes species are pre-existent, not evolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| We operate like machinery- our actions and thoughts can be explained by principles from the natural sciences |
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Term
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Definition
| Every thought and actions has an immediate cause (or series of causes) |
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Term
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Definition
| We can understand humans by breaking things down to simpler components |
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Term
| What is Mind-Body Problem? |
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Definition
| Conventional view- mind controls body |
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Term
| What is Reflex-Action theory? |
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Definition
| Stimulus-response reflex; involuntary actions w/o mental order |
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Term
| What is Mind-body interaction? |
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Definition
| Body can influence/impact the mind; spirits/fluids move through nervous systme to brain, resulting in sensations (mind) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not produced by objects in external world, but develop instead out of the mind or consciousness (universal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct application of an external stimulus which are products of the experiences of senses |
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