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| The Photoplay: A Psychological Study (1916) |
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| A study by Hugo Munsterberg on how movies are move powerful than any other art forms and are dangerous to the American woman. The emotional power of the movies has potential to regenerate Victorian values. Movies can teach important moral lessons if they are controlled by "the best people" |
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Founded because, played a major role in objectivity. Telegraph use. |
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| United States v. Zenith Radio Corporation, et. Al. (1926) |
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| Court case that ended with no one could stop you from creating a radio station. Radio chaos broke out. |
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| Public Relations. The three main elements of PR are practically as old as society: informing people, persuading people, and integrating people with people. Published "Crystallizing Public Opinion" which was considered the first study of PR techinques. |
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| Publisher of the Philadelphia Public Ledger. First Penny Press. Telegraph user competitive advantage. #1 Philadelphia paper. |
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| "The Third Person Effect in Communication" |
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People tend to overestimate the influence that the mass media communications have on the attitudes and behaviors of others. More specifically individuals who are members of an audience that are exposed to persuasive communications will expect the communications to have a greater influence over others than themselves. |
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| FCC Chairman Newton Minnow |
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| Describes television as a "vast wasteland" and calls for heightened federal regulation. Networks respond with more news and documentaries |
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| The Queensboro Corporation |
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| 1922 first commercial ever, sells apartments in Queens |
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| Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915) |
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| Court case saying censorship is okay in movies |
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| Buffalos living on the moon, hoax created mass sensationalism |
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| All kids who saw the same movie were affected |
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| The Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860 |
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| US government is willing to pay money to any company to string a line between LA to NY. Government helps Western Union |
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| NY Tribune, invented the interview, conducted the first interview with Brigham Young, leader of the Latter Day Saint Movement |
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Inventor of World Wide Web, a physicist in England |
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| Propanganda movies shown to US Troops to make them understand the US's involvement in WW2. Later shown to American public to get them to support the war. |
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| United Independent Broadcasters |
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| US Postal worker Anthony Comstock censoring America through the mailing service. Porn, contraceptives, and anything he felt too obscene for the American public. |
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| The Phantom Public (1927) |
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| A book written by Walter Lippmann in which he expressed in lack of faith in the democratic system, arguing that the public merely exists as an illusion or a phantom. Was written after Lippmann observed the manipulation of the public opinion during WW1 |
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| The Stanton-Lazarsfeld Program Analyzer |
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Definition
| program analyzer if people liked programs or not, radio/TV |
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| "War of the Worlds" Broadcast, adapted to sound like a real news broadcast, caused a great number of listener in North American to go into panic |
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| Director of the 1915 film "Birth of a Nation" created longer films, invented close ups, flashbacks, new ways to film. Narrative film. |
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| The Invasion from Mars: A study into the psychology of Panic (1940) |
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| A book written by Hadley Cantril that shows the impact of the broadcast had less to do with what went over the air waves than the standards of judgment people did or did not use in evaluating what they heard. |
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Will Hays & The Hays Office |
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| President of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), which was founded to combat criticism. hired to clean up the movies and make sure censorship wasn't adopted into the movies. |
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| A neutral broadband network that is free of restrictions on the kinds of equipment that can be attached, modes of communication allowed, content, sites or platforms, and where communication is not reasonably degraded by other communication streams. |
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| First ad agency. opens an agency for newspaper publisherin Philadelphia (Rowell). He has the authority to contract with advertisers for space in the newspapers around the US. Connected to Rowell's American Newspaper Directory. |
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| A group of volunteers authorized by the US President to give 4 minute speechs in between the changing of movie reels on topics given to them by the Committe on Public Information. The topics dealt with the ongoing war effort during WW1 |
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| Chief Executive who built CBS |
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| California sunshine easy filmmaking, cooperative municipal governments few labor problems, lower production costs, no societal hierarchy issues with immigrants, invention of the celebrity culture |
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| During CBS's talent raid many shows switched from NBC to CBS and this was one of the more popular shows. African American comedy show. |
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| Head of the Committee on Public Information. Progressive investigative journalist, founding editor of the Kansas City Independent, Editor of the Rocky Mountain News, Close friend of Woodrow Wilson, Author of "How we Advertise in America" |
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| Anti-semitic publisher convicted of public nuisance, struck down, can publish anything he wants. Supreme court decides that value of free speech in better. |
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| Publicity of Bureau of Boston |
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| First PR agency in early 1900s |
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| Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Product of the Cold War. World's first operational packet switching network. Birth of the Internet. |
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Inventor of the telegraph. Morse Code |
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| First commercial television network. FCC regulations hindered the growth of the network and it never found a financial standing, ceased broadcasting in 1956 |
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| Radio Corporation of America |
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| RCA created in 1919, David Sarnoff was the General Manager, Goal was to monopolize the Radio Business |
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| Muckraker and investigative journalist |
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| America's first PR representative, hired by John D. Rockefeller, to reinvent his image and his company's image. Greatest adversary is muckraker Ida Tarbell |
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| The Murder of Helen Jewett |
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| Prostitue killed by a wealthy man during the penny press era. the muder that created the media, very big scandal |
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| Publick Occurences Both Foreign and Domestick |
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| The colonies first newspaper, immediately suppressed |
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| The Philadelphia Public Ledger |
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| William Swain, free speech outweighs penny press. |
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| The Two-Step Flow Model of Mass Communication |
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Definition
| Lazarsfeld most people are influenced by an opinion leader who influenced by media. Word of Mouth, personal influence. |
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| Most important movie censor decides what goes in and out of movie scripts |
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| National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) |
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| Different ideas on TV. How many lines it should be. 525 lines are standard |
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| Arrested and put on trial for seditious libel against the government. Acquitted by a jury. It was the first case ever of jury nullification (jury can decide what the law should be) Alexander Hamilton was his lawyer. |
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| Articles written by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. Wrote about religious and personal freedoms, the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of the government. These letters formed the defense's argument in the Zenger trial. |
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| England put a tax on all things written or printed on paper. This tax fell very heavily on the newspapers and all legal documents. Many fought the law by evading it. If a newspaper was printed without a title then it was not considered a newspaper and therefore was not taxed. it was a direct assault on their freedom. It was repealed in 1766 but was replaced by the Declaratory Act of 1766, stating that the crown could enforce any law without question. |
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| a political party formed after the Revolution. They wanted a strong and centralized federal government |
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| Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Aurora |
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| Arrested for Sedition Act of 1798 opposing President Adams. |
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| Writings of any false or malicious nature were crimes punishable by fine and imprisonment. Violation of the First Amendment. Thomas Jefferson was against it and freed all that were imprisoned for this crime when he became president. |
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| Benjamin Day and The NY Sun |
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| Founded in 1833. Sold by newspaper boys on the street. By 1835 largest circulation in the world. He introduced sensationalism. Included advances in news, advertising, and circulation. |
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| James Gordon Bennett and The NY Herald |
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| First modern newspaper, hired reporters and permanent foreign correspondents. Politically independent. AP Founder |
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| Courageous journalist published for abolitionous paper |
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| Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton |
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| Under Lincoln, Rooted all telegraph lines through Washington DC. censored the war news to the general public |
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| Civil War photographer, invent war photograpy, documented civil war. |
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| Sensationalistic media. Crime, sex, murder, gossip, divorces. |
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| Born in Hungry came to America to fight in US Civil War. Purchases NY World and transforms it into a human interest newspaper. Has scandal, crimes, sensationalism and comics. Popular with Immigrants. Pulitzer named after him. Co-founded Yellow Journalism. |
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| Awarded to the individuals with high journalism, literary, muscial achievments given by Columbia University in NY City. |
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| The Columbia University School of Journalism |
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| Founded by Joseph Pulitzer |
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| The San Fransico Examinar |
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| William Randolph Hearst's first newspaper given to him by his father |
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| Co-founded Yellow Journalism |
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Purchases NY Times, "All the news thats fit to print". Changed American Journalism. Not Sensationalistic |
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| Investigative journalists who wrote about improvish people and took aim at establishments of society sometimes in a sensationalistic and tabloid manner. |
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| Muckraker magazine. Ida Tarbell wrote them |
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| Muckraker. Took her five years to research and write her story "History of the Standard Oil Company" on Rockefeller. Exposed the company faults and how it monopolized the oil company. |
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| Upton Sinclair & The New Yorker |
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| Wrote the book the Jungle |
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| Rockefellar had women and children at the Ludlow, Colorado strike camp killed. Spends money on PR by Ivy Lee. |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| WW1 Propaganda, Head of the committee was George Creel, "I Want You" |
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| "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) |
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One of the most influential movies of the 19th century directed by D.W. Griffith. Important of its technical and narrative achievements "First Hollywood Blockbuster" |
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The Lumiere Brothers & The Cinematographe |
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| Filmmakers that continued to develop the cinematographe, a device that could record, develops and projects movies |
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| Invented by Edison. Who does not take patent out on it. Early motion picture device, used individually to see pictures. |
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| Was called Phantomscope but was renamed Vitascope when Edison financially backed the device. It projected movies on to a wall or screen large enough for an audience to see. |
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| The Great Train Robbery (1903) |
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| First real narrative film, tells story instead of showing pictures |
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| The Production Code Administration |
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| Joseph Breen, 1930s cleaning up the movies. Industrial regulation. |
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| HUAC and The "Hollywood Ten" |
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| 10 Movies writers for refusing to name colleagues who were communists |
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| Inventor of spade detector, DeForest stole it, first broadcast |
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| book written by Lee DeForest |
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| Radio device invented by Lee Deforest, picks up and sends radio signals |
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| E.H. Armstrong & Frequency Modulation (FM) |
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| Invented FM. FCC moved FM to 42-49 MHz to 88-109 MHz and all of Armstrong's early FM stations were rendered useless. Went around with the Yankee Network |
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| Waynesboro corp., AT&T city televison |
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| Invented/ built worlds best TV systems |
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| Shows were fixed, rating were high, backlash when public found out. |
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| Sylvester L. "Pat" Weaver |
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| Radio advertiser, President of NBC, credited with reformatting broadcastings format and philosophy as it changes from radio to tv |
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| First to feature news film, John Cameron Swayze |
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| "See it Now" and "Person to Person" |
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| Edward R. Murrow's CBS television shows. "See it Now" was "Hear it Now" on radio |
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| Created by Don Hewitt, longest running investigative newsmagazine |
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| Rowell's American Newspaper Directory |
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Definition
| George Rowell, first circulation guide ever published. Connected to Volney B. Palmer. |
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| Bob Woodward and Carl Berstein, reporters who broke the Watergate scandal and other White House Conspiracies |
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| "Isaac and Ishmael" espisode of "The West Wing" |
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| TV after 9/11. example of popular culture used to educated information/teach American Public about terrorism |
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| Private American Internet Development. Two Duke students invent a program allowing two UNIX-Operated computers to communicate with eachother. Rudimentary email and allows users to update the same shared information |
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| Small neighborhood theaters that run movies all day long for cheap. |
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| Overthrow of King James. William and Mary University |
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| The Public Sphere & Jurgen Habermas |
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| German Philopher who came up with the idea of the public sphere, an arena of political, cultural, and social criticism that is independent of both the control of the state and purely commercial interests |
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| A study of the defense plans in the Vietnam War. Leaked and published in the NY Times. Court case and freedom of speech won, stating that it was illegal for the government to keep this information a secret. Nixon against it. |
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| The Hypodermic Model of Media Effects |
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Definition
| Everyone that is exposed is affected in the same way. |
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| Audience Commodity Theory |
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| Dallas Smith, any particular show is meaningless, predictable audience, labor watching TV is labor shouldn't pay for cable tv |
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| Joseph Burstyn Inc v. Wilson (1952) |
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| Court case that outlawed, movie censorship connected to Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915) |
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