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| advocates equal citizenship and a representative democracy. |
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| the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination |
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| what is nationalism used to over come in LA? |
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| a view of LA in 1930s that considered the fate of the land to be determined. there was no hope for them. they were lazy, uneducated and sinful as was their culture. |
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| types of indigenous LA ppl |
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| nonsedentary, semisedentary, fully sedentary |
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| Iberia=spain. link twix EU and AF. in early 700s the Moors (muslims from AF) came over and conquered south iberia (grenada) from Christian kings. it was aight for a while b/c the moors were awesome. but then different N.spain states started taking back their old land in the moorish region. This reconquest created a crusading mentality in christian iberians which helped them to justify their travels towards LA. |
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| jews and moors who were successfully converted during the years during and surrounding the reconquesta |
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| Queen Isabel of Castillo (region north of Iberia). She decided to pay for Columbus. She was very Catholic and had a conquest/convert/crusade mentality and she also wanted some $$ from columbus' journey through a new way to Asia to trade. She made Moors and Jews convert or get out of spain. She also wanted to compete with portugal who was also interested in sailing over. |
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| prince of Spain, son of Carlos at the time of Napolean's take over of Spain. |
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| Missionaries that helped to "validate" the conquest by making it seem a rightous endeavor. Certain jesuit communities protected natives from slavery. Natives eventually got plague. |
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| language created and learned by jesuits to create ease of cross-cultural communication |
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| jesuit who defended the indigenous and criticized the encomienda |
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| when conquerers were rewarded with indigenous ppl |
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| what is unique about the conquest of Brazil? |
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| Cabral got there first on way to india. Named it island of true cross. He didnt stay he really wanted to get to Asia. Basically thought the only good stuff worth worrying about in Brazil was the brazil wood tree. They even left the native Tupi alone for awhile. Not until the French landed in Brazil, did the Portugese send settlers. Settlers did sugar cane marketing. They tried to get Tupi to do it, but they were lazy. Then they attacked Tupi but Tupi were either killed or ran away into forest or got plague. Took Africans instead and the King of Portugal gave coastal parcels of land to appointed Captains. Also, later during independance they had a King amongst them so it delayed strikes and such. |
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| A Lisbon group of high up Catholics used to validate just about anything. They allowed slavery b/c they were either saving ppl from savages, or punishing human sacrificers or following Gods Law by creating a "just war" |
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| Cortes comes in with the help of a Pocahontas figure named Malinche. At the time the Aztecs are waiting for Qutzalcoatl god. Cortes says that he is it. They let him in. He takes over Monctzumas kingdom and also takes moctezuma's daughter isabel as a prize. |
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| Pizzarro takes Inca leader hostage (Atahulpa). Spanish had guns, germ and steel on their side even though they were WAY WAY out #ed. Pizzarro invited leaders to gather and then slaughtered them. None of the Spaniards even died. |
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| what resource did the pizzaro and cortes have in defeating the incan and aztecs? |
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| they recruited natural indigenous enemies of the inca and aztecs. |
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| group of Catholics who live in the same community (as lay people and possibly clergymen) that take vows of following the rules dictated by their religion. |
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| member of mendicant order that focuses on charity. there are different orders of friars. |
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| child of Spanish captain and native. Tom boy. tried to go to school. smart and beautiful. joined convent. out spoken. poet. |
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| members of catholic order that was founded by St. Francis of Assisi. they are mendicants. |
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| Clare was from Assisi and was inspired by St. Francis. She ran away to join the order of Fransicans. her family were pissed. she was so dedicated that she got her own establishment for other women and her order members are called Poor Clares of Assisi |
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| order founded by St. Dominic and its members are also called black friars. |
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| society of jesus. focus on education and missionary work. catholic. |
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| domination through partial consent. worked in LA to the Spanish/Portugese's advantage. Religion helped keep people down and create patriarchal society were women behaved and suffering was rewarded in heaven. the spanish inquisition also put fear in ppl. |
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| in mining regions of LA, Spain sent viceroys to lead regions called viceroyalties in order to make sure that the royal fifth (20%) tax was being taken. |
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| city council that reported to governer of the region in the city square that reported to bigger cities that reported to major capitals that reported to the Spain. |
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| whites liked to live in towns b/c it provided them the only link to their own white culture |
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| merchant guilds (economic forces), independant orders that were not completely inline with Rome, Universities etc etc |
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| tribunal (authority) created by isabel castile. used to assure the proper conversion of previously non-catholics (jews, moors, LAns) |
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| Pope>Archbishop of Archdiocese>Bishop of Diocese>Priest of Parish |
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| supposedly appeared at site of Aztec. an example of transculturation and something that helped to sell catholicism to indigenous ppl. |
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| came to LA, got encomienda and had a good time for awhile. he was a dominican and was inspired by the sermons of this order. disapproved of enslaving and enforcing indigenous. first he thought slaves were better, then he wanted poor spanish ppl to come over and work the fields for $. Defended indigenous all over LA. Then there was a debate at Valladolid to determine if conquest was moral. he debated that it wasnt and that the indigenous were NOT inferior. results of debate were inconclusive. his major writings were well recieved esp by protestants. |
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| Brief account of the destruction of the indies |
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| initiated by las casas. basically it is this idea that the spanish were immoral during conquest. they were the savages. |
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| Laws of the Indies. laws created to prevent exploitation of indigenous LAns. made by King Ferdinand and initiated in Peru. |
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| king of aragon. married isabel of castile and they ruled jointly. |
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| landlocked, central area. Jesuits came in. Fringe society. The local Gurani really influenced the culture of the region and Gurani was the language even the spanish spoke. their product was yerbe mate tea. |
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| what's special about fringe development? |
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| lower class, non-whites got a little more respect. these areas were poor and focused on sustanance farming so slaves were more valuable and harder to afford. indigenous weren't enslaved and mixing was common. |
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| cowboys from the grasslands (rio de la plata) independant fringe society |
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| how was class mobility different in fringe societies? |
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| it was a little more possible b/c the ration of white:nonwhite was lower. wealthy cowboys or merchants who werent white could maybe move up. "money whitens" |
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| settlement of escaped slaves |
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| one specific quilambo in Brazil. Bandierante Vehlo wanted to get palmares for slaves. Zumbi was the warrior king of this quilambo. Vehlo killed him (even tho he was thought to be immortal) and put his head on a spear. Zumbi is super famous and loved now. |
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| community that is in modern day angola. feirce africans whom the portugese took an interest in as warriors. they didn't let women have babies, they initiated captured youth and made them soldiers. |
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| priest of the imbangala societies and possibly the root of the name for the zumbi leader who was defeated by vehlo. |
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| slave route that was a huge financial undertaking. Start in EU with some goods, go to africa and trade for slaves. sail to americas and trade slaves for goods and go back to EU. |
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| dyadic relations on slave ships |
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| slaves on ships were limited to the smallest form of relationship (dyad) between several other shipmate slaves. when brought to the new world it is thought that they would escape to reconnect. most were men and some had samesex relationships. |
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| when the new laws limited encomiendas in peru this guy was pissed. he created a rebellion when a viceroy was sent to monitor the region. he then was killed. this was a pre-independance rebellion. |
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| pre-independance rebellion. one of the only successful indigenous rebellions. new mexico. expelled spain for about 10 yrs. canek was one of the leaders. he was eventually captured and torn limb from limb. |
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| bourbons took over spain for awhile (royal family). they tightened the reins on LA. they ^ taxes. cocao growers rebelled as did ppl of quito. columbian tobacco growers were also pissed. the revolts targeted bourbons, not spain. |
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| carribean camps of escaped slaves. they rebelled also, but the biggest was in haiti. |
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| tupac I was an incan who resisted the conquest. tupac II took the name to spark his rebellion. he created an anti-peninsular rebellion. was huge and successful and it scared the peruvian elite. it shook the andes. |
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| pre-independance rebellions (summary) |
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| gonzalo pizzaro (peru), pueblo (mx), bourbon (columbia, ecuador area), palenques (carribean), tupac (peru) |
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| carlos IV and EU events related to him that spur LA fight for independence. |
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| King of Spain. Left ruling to the minister (Godoy) who was his wife's (Luisa) lover . spain goes bankrupt and increases taxes and lets ppl pay into govt. napolean emprisons carlos. |
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| french enlightenment and LA fight for independance |
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| french enlightenment called for fraternity, liberty and equality and POPULAR SOVEIRNTY, Napolean used this ideology to liberate other countries and take over. |
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| napolean and spain and portugal |
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| nap comes into spain and portugal. spain gives up and nap gives spain to his brother Joseph. nap comes into portugal and portugese court moves to Brazil. King Joao rules here. |
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| central junta and independence |
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| interem gov't made up of regional reps in Spain following bonaparte's take over. didn't have much legitimacy in LA so LAns created their own central juntas with junta leaders to represent them. |
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| he was who took the spanish throne after napolean. prior to him spain kind of made a new constitution allowing a little more popular soveirgnty and it was liberal, but fVII nullified it and began creating an army to destroy rebels in LA. he had kind of promised to rule under a constitution but he never really did. |
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| central junta constitution |
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| constitution made by the juntas in Spain for awhile, it was like a liberal thing. Fernando VII discredited and that pissed LAns off. |
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| when napolean was taking over EU he wanted portugese to attack UK. Portugal said no. Nap invaded. The king Joao fled to Brazil. When he returned he left his son Dom Pedro in charge as Emporer. |
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| how did Brazil respond to Dom Pedro becoming emporor? What did Dom Pedro do? who is pedro II?! |
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| they started bypassing him by creating juntas to represent them in Portugal. brazilian born creoles were starting to rise up and they created the Brazillian party. When the court in portugal said Pedro needed to return he denounced portugal declaring brazil independant. ppl loved it. he ruled. then liberalism started and he didn't seem v. good. he fled. eventually brazillians tired of the liberalism business and elected his son Pedro II to rule. |
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| what did the ppl dislike about Dom Pedro? |
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| he was an authority figure and an adulterer. |
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| revolution in brazil that brought in pedro II. ppl started recanting their ideas of "everybody is created equally" and thought they should elect a king |
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| what qualities made brazil's "independence" different? |
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| always a dynasty, never militarized, thriving slave market, had coffee instead of sugar, never really interested in popular soveriengty (life long senate)> |
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| how did mexican creoles convince ppl of their rev? who led it? who was against it? |
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| while Spanish king Ferdinand VII was imprisoned by Nap, creoles wanted to organize representative from Mx since their king was imprisoned. Peninsulars were not cool with this and prevented it. creoles got extra pissed and Father Hidalgo lead an uprising. he was creole and he convinced indigenous ppl to rise up by calling for lady guadeloupe and nativist ideas. |
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| what happened to hidalgos uprising? |
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| the natives he called for ended up out of control and they killed creoles as well in their battles . (creoles and penninsulars looked a lot alike). hidalgo beheaded. |
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| who was moreles? what were his themes for independence? |
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| he came after hidalgo. more practical, better leader. he called for: indian respect and tribute, end to slavery, and no more castes, independence |
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| what were the big six reasons for independence from Spain (not including Brazil) |
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| free trade, pop sov, restoration of jesuits, end monopolies, no ag/manufacturing limits, free press. |
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| congress of anahuac/chilpancingo |
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| when mx declared itself independant. morelos was declared leader of independence b/c hidalgo was dead. |
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| document declaring mexican independance endorsed by morelos |
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| what points were outlined in sentiments of the nation? |
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| independence, catholic establishment, pop sov, american born officials, no more slaves/castes, dec12=holiday |
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| after morelos success he had a group of guerillas. the found a leader in militant iturbide. he hooked up with guerrorro who was the representative from the regular ppl (non-guerrilla creoles/indpendence supporters) |
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| plan of iguala. what were its tenets? |
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| peace treaty (after sentiments of the nation) that declared independent mx. called for: independence, social equality and catholicism. endorsed by guerrorro and iturbide. |
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