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| a people who inhabited early Italy |
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| system of government in which officials are chosen by the people. |
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| Macedonian leader, who inherited the empire from his father who conquered an empire stretching from Greece to India and encouraged the spread of Greek culture throughout his empire |
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| in ancient Rome, member of the landholding upper class |
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| in ancient Rome, official from the patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the armies |
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| ruler who has complete control over a government; in which Rome, a leader appointed rule for six months in times of emergency |
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| Plato's most famous student who wrote about politics,ethics,logic and more |
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| in ancient Rome,member of the lower class, including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders |
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| in ancient Rome, official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests |
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| to block a government action |
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| "Exalted One" who was declared princeps, or first citizen page 159 |
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| basic unit of the ancient Roman army,made up of about 5000 soldiers |
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| thinkers or lovers of wisdom |
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| the art of skillful thinking |
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| an Athenian stonesman and philosopher who challenged people to seek truth and knowledge |
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| a student of Socrates and author of "The Republic" |
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| Constantine's new name for Byzantium which he made the "New Rome" and center of power for the Eastern empire |
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| a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena |
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| a play that told a story of human suffering that usually ended in disaster |
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| a humorous play that mocked people or customs |
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| a writer called the Father of History in the Western World |
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| as a youth lived in Thebes and had come to admire Greek culture; Macedonian king who conquered Greece; Alexander the Great's father |
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| the murder of a public figure usually for political reasons |
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| absorb or adopt another culture; Greek settlers adopted local customs |
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| "Red Beard" dreamed of building an empire from the Balyic to the Adriatic. For years he fought to bring wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control page 253 |
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| an ancient Hellenistic city in Egypt |
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| derived a formuls to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle |
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| based on the belief that the sun is centered |
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| A hellenistic scientist that applied principles of physics to make practical inventions |
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| A Greek physician who studied the causes of illness and looked for cured and had an oath attributed to him that set ethical standards for doctors |
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| In the Caterbury Tales this English writer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket's tomb page 266 |
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| formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to another's defense |
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| system of government in which citizens participate directly in the day-to-day affairs of government rather than through elected representatives |
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| In 1054 was crowned king of Germany; later he also became Holy Land emperor page 252 |
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| fixed salary, to men who participated in the Assembly and its government Council |
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| practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy |
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| section of a city at a higher elevation with great marble temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses |
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| free resident of a city state |
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| a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power |
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| rule by one a hereditary landholding elite |
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| a form of government in which power is in the hands of a small wealthy elite |
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| a clever, creul and untrustworthy ruler; son of Henry II; he faced three powerful enemies: King Philip II, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles page 246 |
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| a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers |
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| a Greek city state that moved slowly toward democracy |
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| government by the people and for the people |
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| a city state that built by the Dorians in which daily daily life was ruled by military discipline |
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| established control over foreign lands and peoples |
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| Athenian statesman who instituted direct democracy in Athens increased participation in government, provided salaries for government employees and encourages the cultural developement of Athens |
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| huge farming estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman families |
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| called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers in 133 BC |
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| an elected tribune ten years after his brother who sought page 157 |
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| an ambitious military commander who along with Pompey dominated Roman politics page 158 |
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| In 1198 he took office; as head of the Church he claimed supremacy over all other rulers. The pope he said stands between God and man, lower than God but higher than man, who judges all and is judged by no one. page 254 |
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| population count of the empire so that there would be a record of all who should be taxed page 159 |
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| The Byzantine emperor Alexiys asked him for Christian knights to help him fight Muslim Turks. He agreed to do so. page 256 |
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| a good emperor who codified Roman law making it the same for all provinces page 159 |
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| in his epic poem the Aeneid he tried to show that Rome's past was as heroic as that of Greece page 161 |
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| make fun of Roman society page 162 |
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| a picture made from ships of colored stone or glass page 162 |
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| the application of mathematics to develop useful structures and machines page 164 |
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| a holy day of rest and worship |
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| bridgelike stone structures that carried water from hills into Roman cities page 164 |
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| an astronomer-mathematician who proposed his theory that the Earth was the center of the universe, a mistaken idea that was accepted in the western world for nearly 1500 years page 164 |
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| David's son; followed his father as king; he undertook the the task of turning the city of Jerusalem into an impressive capital page 59 |
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| annointed king sent by God who would soon appear to lead their people to freedom page 167 |
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| a name that in Greek means a person sent forth; a leader or teacher of a new faith or movement |
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| A Jew from Asia Minor who played the most influential role in spreading Christianity |
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| people who die or suffer for their beliefs page 170 |
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| he issued the Edict of Milan, that granted freedom of worship for all cizens page 170 |
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| group of who conduct Christian services page 171 |
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| a high Church official responsible for everyone in his diocese |
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| In the Roman and Byzanite empires, the highest church official in a major city |
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| Schandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe in the late 700s through the 1100s page 218 |
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| belief contrary to official Church teachings also caused division page 171 |
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| In the year 1066 he became king of England on Christmas page 245 |
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| bishop of Hippo in North Africa he combined Christian doctrine with Greco Roman learning |
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| an ancient Minonian city on the island of Crete page 114 |
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| altar, chapel, or other sacred place dedicated to honor the gods and goddesses page 114 |
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| colorful painting completed on wet plaster page 115 |
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| in Greek epic poems and myths a ten year war between Mycenae and the city of Troy in Asia Minor page 116 |
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| narrow water passage page 116 |
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| The epic poems the Illiad and the Odyssey were credited by this man who lived about 750 BC. According to tradition he was a blind poet wandering from village to village singing of heroic deeds page 116 |
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| emperor that set out to restore order and split the Roman empire into two parts page 174 |
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| the rapid rise of prices page 174 |
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| In 732 Christians triumphed; a sign that God was on their side in the battle against the Muslims page 215 |
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| migrated from central Asia toward Eastern Europe which they reached by 370 |
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| soldier serving in a foreign army for pay page 176 |
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| king who established many Germanic kingdoms; one of many that replaced the unifying force of the Roman empire in Western Europe page 214 |
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| from from the Latin word Middle Ages page 214 |
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| the time from 500 to 1000 during political, social, and economic decline |
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| The Germanic tribe that conquered parts of the Roman empire page 215 |
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| When a Muslim army crossed into France, he rallied Frankish warriors page 215 |
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| Charles the Great; the grandson of Charles Martelpage 215 he also briefly united Western Europe when he built an empire reaching France, Germany and part of Italy. |
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| an ethnic nomadic group of people, centered in present day Hungary page 218 |
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| a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords page 219 |
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| pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord page 219 |
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| exchange of pledges between lords and vassals page 219 |
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| an estate granted by a lord or vassal in exchange for a service and loyalty page 219 |
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| a European noble who served as a mounted warrior page 220 |
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| a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their skills page 221 |
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| code of conduct adopted by knights during by Middle Ages page 222 |
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| wandering musicians, sang about brave knight and their heeroic deeds along with their loves page 222 |
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| during the Middle Ages the lord's estate which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands page 222 |
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| in Medieval Europe a peasant bound to the land page 222 |
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| sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church page 225 |
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| rules drawn up in 530, by Bendict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty and chastity; it also breaks upthe day into periods of worship, work and study page 227 |
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| having to do with worldly, not religious page 228 |
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| the claim that the medieval pope had control over all secular rulers pages 228 |
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| body of laws for the Church page 229 |
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| exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law page 229 |
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| in the Roman Catholic Church excommunication of an entire region, town or kingdom page 229 |
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| a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor page 229 |
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| wealthy Italian who founded the first order of Friars; the Franciscans; he gave up his comfortable life and devoted his life to preaching the Gospelsan teaching by example of good works. page 229 |
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| in the Middle Ages a written document that set out the rights and privleges of a town page 232 |
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| money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise page 233 |
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| a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large scale venture that would have been too costly for an individual trader page 234 |
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| someone who would pay a lord rent to to farm part of the lord's land 235 |
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| a group of people including merchants , traders, and artisans whose rank was between nobles and peasants page 235 |
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| in the Middle Ages an association of merchants or artisns who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade to protect their economic interests page 235 |
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| a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgement in a trial |
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| a young person learning a trade from a master page 235 |
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| a salaried worker employed by a guild master page 235 |
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| believing in One God page 57 |
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| the most sacred text of the Hebrew Bible, including the first five books page 57 |
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| a man who lived near Ur in Mesopotamia. In about 2000 he and his family moved to a region called Canaan. He's considered the father of the Israelites page 58 |
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| a binding agreement, specifically in the Jewish tradition, the bindingg agreement God made with Abraham page 58 |
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| an Israelite who later renewed God's covenant with the Israelites page 59 |
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| the strong and wise second king of Israel and united twelve tribes into a nation page 59 |
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| relating to society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority page 59 |
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| spiritual leader who interprets God's word |
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| moral standards of behavior page 60 |
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| the spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland page 60 |
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| a legal system based on custom and court rulings page 245 |
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| legal group of people sworn to make a decision in legal case page 245 |
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| the Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freeman page 246 |
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| the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does page 246 |
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| a legislature of England, and later of Great Britain page 247 |
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| principle that a person can't be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime page 247 |
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| became king of France; deeply religious but persecuted Jews and led knights in two Crusades or wars againsts Muslims page 249 |
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| empire west central Europe from 962 to 1806 compromising present day Germany and neighboring lands page 251 |
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| during 1054 he was pope; at this time conflicts with monarchs and the Church arose. page 252 |
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| appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy page 252 |
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| a city state in ancient Greece |
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| Latin speaking west bishop of Rome, who claimed authority over all other bishops |
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| a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from the Muslims page 255 |
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| Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached page 256 |
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| during the 1400s the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain page 260 |
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| In 1469 the marriage of these two people created the unified state called Spain. Using their combiined forces they made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. page 260 |
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| a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy page 260 |
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| in medieval Europe the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief page 262 |
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| In his Summa theologica he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony. page 264 |
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| everday language of ordinary people; French;Italian and German page 265 |
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| Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the early 1300s; It takes a reader on a journey through hell and purgator; in the third section it discusses heaven page 265 |
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| type of European architecture that developed in the middle ages characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting,thin walls and high roofs page 266 |
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| stone supports on the outside of a building to construct higher , thinner walls that contained large stained glass windows page 266 |
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| the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts page 267 |
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| an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s page 269 |
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| a ruler who gained power by force |
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| outbreak of rapidly spreading disease page 269 |
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| rise or increase in prices page 270 |
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| permanent division in a church page 270 |
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| six foot long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most aromor page 272 |
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