Term
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Definition
| A movement by Charlegmane to make the Church bigger and better. Makes authorities (clergy, rulers, etc) literate in at least Latin. |
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Definition
| AD 843. Charlegmane's three sons (Lothar, Louis the German, Charles the Bald) agree to split the kingdom. |
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Definition
| Saracens (Muslim Pirates) from South, Magyars (Asian Horsemen) from East, Vikings from North. |
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Term
Early Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages |
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Definition
800-1100
1100-1300
1300-1500 |
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Term
| European Three Tiered Society |
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Definition
1. Clergy--those who pray
2. Warrior Nobility--those who fight
3. Everyone Else--those who work |
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Term
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Definition
| Society organization of the upper class (1&2). Composed of lords and vassals. King is at the top, then dukes/abbots, then knights. |
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Definition
| Society organization of the middle and lower class (2&3). A lord owns land and peasants (serfs) live on the land and work on it. |
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Definition
| Two types: free peasants and serfs. Free peasants can leave but usually don't. Serfs cannot leave but cannot be kicked off either. |
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Definition
| West Saxony (Wessex), South Saxony (Sussex), East Saxony (Essex), Northumbria |
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Definition
| AD 871. First "king" of England. Conquers the Danes and becomes king. Defends England from Vikings. |
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Definition
| Canute (already Danish king) conquers England and is liked by the English. Dies 1035. |
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Definition
| Three men fight over England: Harold the Saxon, Harald the Viking, and William the Duke of Normandy. Harald the Viking invades England in the North at York. They fight but Harold asks to talk about peace. When Harald comes peacefully, Harold attacks and kills him. Harold discovers that William is invading in the South. They fight and William kills him. William becomes the king of England. |
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Definition
| Brother-in-law to former king of England. Fights in 1066 |
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Definition
| Descendant of Canute. Fights in 1066. |
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Definition
| Harold the Saxon promised him the crown. Fights in 1066 |
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Definition
| Chosen as the king of France for 3 reasons: he rules from Paris, so he is important. he is qualified. he has no real authority over anyone else. Starts the Capetian Dynasty (1180-1327) |
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Term
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Definition
| turning point in the Capetian Dynasty. Brilliant politician. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last great Magyar Invasion. Otto I defeats them. |
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Definition
| Defeats Magyars. Goes to Rome and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope (962). |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern day Germany. The opposite of Capetian. Goes from centralized to decentralized ruling. |
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Term
| European Cities (Medieval) |
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Definition
| trade is very prosperous. centers of wealth, culutre, and trade. maufacturing grows (cloth). everyone benefits from cities. |
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Term
| New Urban Social Organiziation. |
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Definition
Based on wealth rather than occupation.
1) Greater Merchants
2) Lesser Merchants
3) Tradesmen, skilled laborers
a. masters
b. journeymen
c. apprentices
4) Day Laborers
5) Beggars |
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Definition
| A reformer of the Catholic Church. Abolishes Lay Investiture. Starts the Papal Monarchy. Fights with Henry IV (see Canosa). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1077. Height of Gregory and Henry's feud. Henry ignores Gregory's letters and gets excommunicated by Gregory. Gregory heads north to start a rebellion against Henry but on the way, Henry begs him for forgivness. Gregory forgives him but Henry leaves and invades Rome and destroys Gregory. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1071. Muslim Turks destroy the Byzantines and form the Sultanate of Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts the Crusades. Sends troops to the Byzantines in 1095 because: he wanted to help fellow Christians, his people wanted to fight the Muslims, wanted to be known as a leader. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1097-1291. Only the first one was "successful". 1099: Crusaders take Jerusalem and kill EVERYONE. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1198-1215. Height of the Papal Monarchy. Comes up with the sun and moon analogy. Launches the crusade against Cathars. Fights with King John of England. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Pope is the Sun, radiating God's light. The King is the moon, shining with the reflected light from the sun. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wants to divorce his wife but Innocent says no. He gives France an interdict (excommunicates the entire nation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Loses the Battle at Normandy and everyone hates him. He wants to appoint his friend as Archbishop of Canterbury but Innocent says no. John ingores him so Innocent excommunicates and inderdicts him. John doesn't care. Innocent tells Phillip to invade. Then John offers to give England to the Pope. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1215. Says that the King of England is not all powerful. King can't make vassals do anything they haven't agreed to perviously. Limits king's power. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1122. Pope and king agree that king can participate in process and give a clergyman land, but cannot participate in spiritual matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Church's official doctrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heretics in Southern France that believe that there are two gods and other heretical teachings. Innocent tries to stop them peacefully by sending educators to them but eventually has to battle them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signifies the end of the Papal Monarchy. 1298-1304. From a weatlhy Italian family. He fights with other Italian families and takes their land as Pope. Issues the Unum Sanctum. |
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Term
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Definition
| An edict declaring that there is ONE Church with ONE ruler--the Pope. |
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Definition
| Needs money for war so decides to use the money that people give to the Chruch. Innocent gets mad and issues the Unum Sanctum. He ignores it and kidnaps Boniface. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1305 he becomes Pope as a compromise. Phillip stops him on his way to Rome so he has to be crowned Pope in Lyons. He ends up settling in Avignon and begins the Avignon Papacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1309-1377. Papacy held in Avigon. It becomes the tourist attraction and biggest resort for all European nobles. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1356. Establishes 7 electors to select a new emperor. Pope is excluded forever. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1377. She has visions and convinces the Pope to move the Papacy back to Rome. |
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Term
| Three Disasters in Medieval Europe |
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Definition
1) Great Schism (1378-1417)
2) Black Death (1347-1350)
3) Hundred Years War (1337-1453) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1378-1417. Each Pope has his own city, College of Cardinals, bishops, etc. Urban is in Rome, Clement is in Avignon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The people choose a new pope--Alexander V but no one cares. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1414. Held in Switzerland. Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund attends and appoints Martin V as the new and only pope. The Great Schism is solved! |
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Term
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Definition
| people get together to choose a new pope. The idea of solving problems by using a council and discussing issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of mainly lay spirituality since the clergy was so diluted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of significantly cooler weather in Europe. Causes famines which lead to the Black Death. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1347-1350. 1/3 to 1/2 of the entire population died. Two main diseases: Pneumonic and Bubonic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatal 70% of the time.Spread by bites from fleas and rats. Symptoms: red boils, rot from the inside out, stench, bled from pores, die in 3 days |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatal 100% of the time. Airbourne. Symptoms: serious cold, drown in your own mucus, die in 1 day. |
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Term
| Consequences of the Black Death |
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Definition
| After the Black Death, people became aware of how valuable their work was now that the number of people was limited. People began lobbying for better treatment and higher wages. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1358. A peasant uprising in France. No real organization or leaders, just random massacres of nobles. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1381. John Ball was a preacher who preached social equality. He got a following and a co-leader: Wat Tyler. They went to London to talk to the king about social equality. Wat Tyler was killed and the mob got very mad. King Richard said that he would give them paper to exemplifiy themselves but the papers were actually execution notices. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1337-1453. A series of wars between France and Englad over who was the true ruler. |
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Term
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Definition
| King of France who wants to be king of England. Edward is technically his vassal so he makes all of his vassals swear loyalty to him. |
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Term
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Definition
| King of England. He claims he is the king of France but he knows that he will never get the throne. He invades France after Phillip invades England. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1346. English are the underdogs but they come up with new methods like longbows and footsoldiers. The English destroy the French and wipe out most of the nobles. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1415. Henry V starts to say he's the king of France and invades. They battle and the English win again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The French want him to be king rather than Henry V's son. He is a dud until Joan of Arc convinces to be king. |
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Term
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Definition
| A French woman who is "spoken to by God". She asks Charles for an army that she can take to Orleans. He says yes and she wins! She tries to capture Paris but fails and is captured and executed by the English. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1350-1600. Is more of a movement rather than a time period. A bridge from the Middle Ages to Early Modern. Revival of Classic Greek and Roman culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that humanity is God's greatest creation. That man can choose where he wants to be on the scale, rather than be assigned a place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Christian views mixed with Classical Greek and Roman styles. Artists like Michelangelo, Rafael, Botticelli, DaVinci, etc. |
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Term
| 3 Motivations of Explorers |
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Definition
1) Gold--the possibility of finding riches
2) God--the opportunity to convert non-Christians
3) Glory--to prove that they are the greatest nation |
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Term
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Definition
| compass, rudder, wind patterns, astrolabe, etc. |
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Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| Starts a sailing school for explorers. Portuguese. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1487-1488. First European to sail down the coast of Africa and find the tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1497-1499. Discovers India. Tries to convert Muslims and Hindus. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1509. Lands in Goa and begins competing against Muslims for Southeast Asian trade. 1511--kills many Muslim traders. |
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Term
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Definition
| From Genoa but sails under the Spanish flag. Asks Ferdinand and Isabella to sail to the Indies a new way. In 1492, he discovers the New World. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wealthy Italian prince popes. The worst popes in Catholic history. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1471-1484. From Rovere family and makes the rank of his family his priority. He attempts to assassinate the leader of rival Medici family. It fails so he excommunicates Lorenzo Medici. Ends up putting Florence and Venice under interdicts. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1484-1492. First pope to admit that he had illegitimate children. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1492-1503. WORST POPE EVER. Had kids when he was pope and used them (especially his daughter) to advance himself. Went to war with Charles VIII of France because he wants Naples. Has alliances with Muslim princes against Catholic France. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of Alexander VI. He marries her of multiple times for political advancement. When he needs her again, he has her poison her husband so that he dies. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1503-1513. Loved art and sponsored many projects including the restoration of Rome. Very aristocratic and was a respected warrior. He's not spiritual at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1513-1521. A Medici. Most extravagant pope ever. He transforms Rome and spends all the money. Finishes St. Peter's Basilica. Starts the practice of indulgences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of getting your sins forgiven by buying a certificate saying your sins are forgiven. |
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Term
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Definition
| The break from the Catholic Church and the forming of new Christian religions (Lutheranism, Calvinism, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| Was a monk from northern Germany (Wittenburg). Starts the Lutheran Church. Posts the 95 Theses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posted by Martin Luther on 10/31/1517. Arguments about how the Church is wrong and his debates about them. |
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Term
| Martin Luther's Heretic Doctrines |
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Definition
1) Justification by faith alone
2) Sola Scriptura
3) Priesthood of all believers |
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Term
| Justification by faith alone |
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Definition
| We are all saved and admitted into Heaven by our faith in God, not by our good deeds or merit. Catholics believe that it is a mix of faith and merit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scripture states there are only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist |
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Term
| Priesthood of all believers |
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Definition
| Priests are not needed because the Eucharist does not change into flesh and blood so you don't need anyone to change it. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1555. The ruler of the region gets to choose the religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Luther's trial. He is convicted of heresy and is ordered to retract his beliefs. He doesn't. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1509-1564. Writes "The Institutes". Founder of Calvinism. Believes in Double Predestination. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1536. A blueprint of a Church. The basic structure of a church and the rules, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| No music, no art, no emotion. Just a straight lecture. Very somber and plain. Spreads very fast. |
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Term
| Transubstantiation, Consubstantiation, Communion |
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Definition
Transubstantiation (Catholics): the bread and wine are turned into Jesus' actual body and blood.
Consubstantiation(Lutheran): The spirit of Jesus enters but it is still bread and wine.
Communion (Calvinists): it is just a symbol. Nothing happens. |
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Term
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Definition
| God has chosen those who will be saved AND those who will be condemned already. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1509-1547. King of England. Founder of the Church of England because he wanted a divorce and the Catholic Church wouldn't allow it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry's adviser who gets fired because he can't get him an annulment. |
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Term
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cramner |
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Definition
Secretly Lutheran. Henry's adviser.
Secretly Lutheran. Henry's adviser. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1533. Declares England is and empire and that Henry is the leader. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1534. Declares the child(ren) of Henry and Anne the heir(s) to the throne. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1534. Declares that the Anglican Church is separate from Papal Authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand. Henry's 1st wife of 18 years. She can't have a son so he wants to get a divorce. Has Mary. |
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Term
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Definition
| French noblewoman. Henry's 2nd wife. Only has daughters. Henry gets tired of her so someone fabricates a lie saying that she slept with her brother so she gets executed. Has Elizabeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry's 3rd wife. Finally has a son--Edward. |
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Term
| Church of England (Anglican Church) |
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Definition
| Almost identical to the Catholic Church except no pope and no monks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of Catherine and Henry. Wants to make England 100% Catholic. She marries Phillip II. She starts the atuo-de-fe and massacres tons of Protestants. |
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Term
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Definition
| King of Spain. DEVOUT Catholic. Wants to be a monk. Marries Mary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mass burning of Protestants in front of crowds. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1558-1603. She keeps her religious views secret and flirts with both the Catholics and the Protestants to keep them both happy. Under her, the Anglican Church develops. Under Elizabeth, England becomes very Protestant. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1578. Writes a document called Peace of Religion (1572) that agrees that Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands will live in peace. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who believes that peace is more important than religious unity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who believes that religious unity is more important than peace. |
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Term
| Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation |
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Definition
| The effort to fix the problems within the Church (worldliness, doctrine disputes, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
Simony (buying of Church offices)
Indulgences
Bishops of multiple dioceses
Absenteeism (Bishops who don't live where they collect money) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1534-1549. He establishes the Jesuits and calls the Council of Trent. Is a Church Reformer! |
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Term
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Definition
| An order founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola. Follow Christian humanist views and value education and missionary work. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1545-1563. Established many modern Catholic doctrines (7 sacraments, miracle of the Eucharist, purgatory, etc). Not very well attended. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1559-1589. Various wars between Catholics and Huguenots. Leaders included: Henry Guise (Catholic), Coligny Bourbon (Protestant), Henry of Navarre, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholic leader. Strong doctrinaire. Kills Coligny and forms the Catholic League, an alliance of devout Catholic doctrinaires. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the Protestants. Is killed by Henry Guise at Henry Navarre's wedding reception. His body is MAIMED. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protestant from the Bourbon family. Catherine allows him to marry Marguerite which angers the Catholics. Becomes the leader of the Protestants after Coligny's death. Later becomes king of France and converts to Catholicism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tries to stop the fighting while ruling as her children's regent. She is not successful and the fighting continues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry Guise kills Coligny. |
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Term
| Three sides of the war (War of the Three Henrys) |
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Definition
Henry Guise--Super Catholic
Henry III--In the middle, Catholic
Henry of Navarre--Originally Protestant but converts later |
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Term
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Definition
| 1598. There are 200 cities where Huguenots can worship freely and 100 of them are protected by armies and walls. Written by Henry of Navarre. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| King of the Visigoths. Invades Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| First emperor since Constantine to rule the whole Roman empire. Makes Christianity the only legal religion of the Roman Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote City of God. Introduces the idea that we are on a pilgrimage and that we are just "passing through". |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic group that makes a kingdom in Spain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic people that make a kingdom in France. |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic people that settle in England. |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic people that settle in Italy. |
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Term
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Definition
| King of the Ostrogoths. Invades Italy and defeats Odoacer. |
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Term
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Definition
| King of the Franks. Brings together German culture, Roman culture, and Roman-Chrisitan culture. Establishes the Merovingian Dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established by Clovis. 500-750. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major Domo of the Franks (works under the king) but he is the real ruler. |
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Term
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Definition
| At first is the major domo but then writes to the pope asking, "Who should be king? The man with the title? Or the man who actually rules?" Establishes the Carolingian Dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established by Pepin the Short. |
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Term
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Definition
| Son of Pepin the Short. Most famous Carolingian king. 768-814. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charlemange is crowned Emperor by the pope. |
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Term
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Definition
| 527-565. Tried to unite Rome by: conquering the west--failed. codification of Roman Law--success. |
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Term
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Definition
| First library of the law. Put together by Justinian. |
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Term
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Definition
| 202 BC-AD 221. Confucian scholars are replaced with Daoist priests--causes and intellectual backlash. |
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Term
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Definition
| 581-618. Does 3 important things: restores the emperor as one, central ruler, builds the Grand Canal, restores civil service exams. |
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Term
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Definition
| 618-907. The Silk Road is opened and heavily used. Capital: Chang'an. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tang Emperor. Falls in love with his concubine Yang Guifei. He gets completely infatuated and starts forgetting about his responsibilites. Everyone gets mad at him and he has to finally agree to have Yang Guifei executed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invade China. China agrees to let them live peacefully but they raid Chang'an. Ends the Tang Dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| 960. Capital moves to Hangzhou. China flourishes--Silk Road continues, exams are successful, and Hangzhou is prosperous. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that every object in nature has its own spirit. Also called Shintoism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nature spirits. Amaterasu is most revered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Buddhism with strong ties to nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great Reform. Makes Buddhism the national religion of Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 710-797. Buddhism is big. |
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Term
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Definition
| 794-1185. The rejection of Chinese influence. Capital: Heian-Kyo (Kyoto). Fujiwara family becomes very powerul. Everything becomes un-Chinese except Buddhism. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 570. Raised in a bedouin tribe. Marries Khadija. He goes to a cave and recieves messages from the Angel Gabriel. |
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