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| Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881) |
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| Treaty concluded in 1918 between revolutionary Russia and Imperial Germany. German terms were accepted under duress and Russia had to concede a huge indemnity and relinquish a large amount of territory. At the time Lenin said that without a revolutionary uprising inside Germany, Russia was in no position to wage a revolutionary war and needed a breathing space to consolidate the Revolution and build a people's army. Trotsky led the Soviet negotiating team. |
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| white South African person of Dutch, or by extension other non-Anglo Saxon, descent; rebel in the Boer war |
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| a short novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky |
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| a "golden age" the major powers of Europe, new technologies improved lives and the commercial arts adapted Renaissance and eighteenth-century styles to modern forms |
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| Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Nata |
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| French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941) |
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| United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) |
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| a province of northeastern South Africa originally inhabited by Africans who spoke Bantu; colonized by the Boers |
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| Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939) |
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| archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914) |
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a province in central South Africa that was colonized by the Boers; named Free State in 1997
A province of South Africa, formerly a Dutch colony bordering the Orange River |
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| an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes |
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| was a Bosnian Serb patriot. Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. |
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| King of Belgium (1835-1909) and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken by the King |
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| prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973) |
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| European nation that declared war on Serbia after the assassination of its heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking the first world war |
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| journalist and leading figure in the exploration of Africa |
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| French painter who led the cubist movement (1882-1963) |
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| territory declared war upon by Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand sparking the first World War |
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| Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) |
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| Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944) |
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| capital and largest city of Bosnia; scene of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which precipitated World War I |
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| a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea |
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| Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art (1866-1944) |
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| Secret Military Society. Through its supposed connections to the June 28, 1914, assassination in Sarajevo of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, may have been one of the catalysts to the start of World War I. |
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| a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956 |
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a young woman in the 1920s who flaunted her unconventional conduct and dress
ore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior |
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| religious leader in Sudan who, on June 29, 1881, proclaimed himself as the messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith. came during a period of widespread resentment to the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers |
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| French fashion designer whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her an important figure in 20th-century fashion |
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| liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898) |
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| (1852-1936) French hairdresser who in 1872 created a new natural looking wave by turning the curling iron upside down |
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| British army officer. He is remembered for his campaigns in China and northern Africa. Fought the Mahdi in Sudan |
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| American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s. Her acting artistry and high spirits made her the premier flapper |
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| Capital of Sudan, Liberated by the Mahdi |
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| British General who won fame in 1898 for winning the Battle of Omdurman and securing control of the Sudan. Involved in Boer Wars |
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| German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) |
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| a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese |
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| a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871 |
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| a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War |
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| belonging or relating to white people of South Africa whose ancestors were Dutch or to their language; "an Afrikaans couple"; "Afrikaner support" |
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| the last German emperor and king of Prussia, |
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| Informal alliance of Britain, France and Russia in early 20th-century Europe. |
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| influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900) |
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| Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) |
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| book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche against Christianity |
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| Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940) |
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a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake
complete denial of all established authority and institutions |
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| Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |
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| either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902) |
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