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| Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer |
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| Applied organic evolution to social order. Survival of the fittest applied to society. Led to racism, especially in Germany. |
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| Found guilty of selling army secrets and condemned to life imprisonment on devils island. Another Catholic officer was more obviously the traitor but even after a new trial Dreyfus was still found guilty |
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| Theodore Herzl and Zionism |
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| Covered Dreyfus trial for Viennese newspaper. Became convinced that Anti-Semitism would not be eliminated through assimilation. Advocated that Jews needed a country of their own. |
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| Stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social decisions and unite all classes. Anti-Semitic |
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| Russia's territorial expansion led them to run right into Japan. Japan fought back, and to the surprise of Europeans (who thought their race was superior) Russia accepted defeat in 1905. This led to political unrest in Russia. |
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| In the midst of the Russo-Japanese war, unrest and pressures for a more liberal government grew in Russia. A group of workers went to the tsar to present their grievances to him peacefully. But, troops foolishly opened fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds and launching a revolution. (Winter Palace in St Petersburg) |
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| European states embarked on an intense scramble for overseas territory. |
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| Belief that the superiority of their civilization obligated Europeans to impose their practices on supposedly primitive nonwhites. |
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| 450,000 British and imperial forces were needed to defeat 87,000 Boers. This war led to the creation of the Union of South Africa |
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| The British took interest in Egypt because they thought this canal would be their lifeline to India. |
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| (China) One country could not restrict the commerce of other countries in its sphere of influence. |
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| Forced the Japanese to grant the United States trading and diplomatic privileges |
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| Committed Germany, Austria, and Italy to support the existing political order while providing a defensive alliance against France or "two or more great powers not members of the alliance," |
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| Great Britain, France, and Russia stood opposed to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Hungary. |
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| Crisis 1: Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia because they wanted to expand their empire into the Balkans. Serbia was upset because it wanted a "Greater Serbia" Crisis 2: 2 Balkan Wars. War 1: Balkan countries fought against Ottoman Empire for independence. They won. War 2: Balkan countries fought against each other for power. |
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