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| Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. “Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. |
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| Anti-Masonic party (established c. 1826) |
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| First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants. |
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| Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank’s renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers. |
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| Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act. |
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| compromise Tariff of 1833 |
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| Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels. |
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| Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams’ favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824. |
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| Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties. |
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| Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence. |
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| Indian Removal Act (1830) |
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Definition
| Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. |
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| Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) |
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Definition
| Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833. |
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| Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson’s efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the “Divorce Bill”, which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply. |
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| Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833. |
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| Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system. |
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| Tariff of Abominations (1828) |
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| Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures. |
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| Trail of Tears (1838-1839) |
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Definition
| Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. |
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| Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege |
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| Political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms |
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| Jackson’s rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the Bank of the United States |
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| Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States |
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| Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson |
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| Aloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy |
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| Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence |
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| The “wizard of Albany,” whose economically troubled presidency was served in the shadow of Jackson |
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| “Old Tippecanoe,” who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier |
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| Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government |
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| A frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for Independence |
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| Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat Texas rebels |
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| Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people |
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| Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832 |
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| Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare |
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