Term
|
Definition
-Very anthropocentric concept
-Organism that affects our health, food, fiber or quality of life
-May only be a certain stage |
|
|
Term
| how many living things are pests? |
|
Definition
| the vast majority are not |
|
|
Term
| pest management prior to the 1900's |
|
Definition
| Tolerance, cultural practices (hand picking, burning, etc.), limited biological control |
|
|
Term
| how pest management changed in the early 1900's |
|
Definition
| the introduction of inorganic insecticides (e.g., lead arsenate, sulfurs) |
|
|
Term
| how pest management changed between the 1940's and 1960's |
|
Definition
| Emergence of synthetic organic insecticides (e.g., cyclodienes, DDT, organophosphates) to the point where other methods were almost excluded |
|
|
Term
| the effect of the pesticides that became popular and when their effects became apparent |
|
Definition
-Environmental disruptions and damaging biomagnification related to insecticide use
-serious negative effects on wildlife
-pest resistance appears
-Secondary pests
1950s and 1960s |
|
|
Term
| some examples of how resistance to pesticides developed in response to pesticides |
|
Definition
-1914: San Jose scale resistant to lime sulfur
-1946: House fly in Sweden resistant to DDT.
-1997: >500 arthropods resistant to 1 or more insecticide class (35% are flies). |
|
|
Term
| the effect of resistance to pesticides |
|
Definition
-rendered various pesticides useless in some cropping systems
-put pressure on industry and growers to develop novel pest management tools |
|
|
Term
| the initial focus of IPM when it was first enumerated in 1959 |
|
Definition
-plant resistance
-biological control
-pesticides
-use of thresholds |
|
|
Term
| this tool was developed to determine when pesticide treatments were necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1961, the term "pest management" was coined for this reason |
|
Definition
| to shift thinking from control to management within thresholds |
|
|
Term
| when IPM was officially recognized and by whom |
|
Definition
| 1972 my the Nixon administration |
|
|
Term
| some management methods that can be used in IPM |
|
Definition
-Pesticides
-Biological Control
-Pheromones
-Genetic Manipulation
-Plant Resistance
-Cultural Practices |
|
|
Term
| the foundation elements of IPM |
|
Definition
-“Natural Mortality” in Agroecosystem
-Economic Thresholds
-Sampling |
|
|
Term
| the IPM management methods that are chiefly specific to arthropods |
|
Definition
-pheremones
-genetic control |
|
|
Term
| the foundation of IPM is made up of... |
|
Definition
| sampling procedures, or being aware of what pests are present, in what number, and then having economic thresholds to relate the pest presence to potential economic losses, and develop a management plan |
|
|
Term
| How we sample is affected by... |
|
Definition
| the biology of the pest and the type of damage it causes. |
|
|
Term
| some types of sampling in IPM |
|
Definition
-Absolute Estimates
-Relative Estimates
-Population Indices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number captured in traps or observed per unit time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluation of pest-induced injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Regular
-Key/severe
-Sporadic/Occasional
-Minor
-Direct
-Indirect |
|
|
Term
| why the type of pest is important |
|
Definition
| because it helps in developing sampling approaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consistent, significant damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively common, limited damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attacks economic portion of crop (e.g., fruit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attacks non-economic portion of crop (e.g., leaves of many crops) |
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using direct counts |
|
Definition
| Visual, suction, sweep, shake |
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using trap capture |
|
Definition
| Pheromone, bait, visual, suction, emergence |
|
|
Term
| some ways to sample using population indicies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which action should be taken to prevent economic loss |
|
|
Term
| Economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
| point at which economic injury begins |
|
|
Term
| once the economic threshold (ET) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the benefits of action outweigh the costs |
|
|
Term
| once the economic injury level (EIL) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the costs of action and losses will outweigh the benefits of acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrate and optimize multiple tactics into an effective strategy that achieves economic, environmental, and social goals |
|
|
Term
| some details about pesticides |
|
Definition
-Materials designed to kill pests
-Most are regulated by EPA
-Efficacy and environmental risks vary among and within classes
-Generally used in response to pests, but some are prophylactic |
|
|
Term
| some pesticides that aren't regulated by the EPA |
|
Definition
-oils
-soaps
-diatomaceous earth |
|
|
Term
| how pesticides are grouped |
|
Definition
| Pesticides are grouped into classes, based on chemical structure and/or general modes of action or target sites |
|
|
Term
| how most pesticides are used |
|
Definition
| therapeutically, in response to pest infestations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used before pests arrive, such as flea treatments |
|
|
Term
| some details about pheremones in IPM |
|
Definition
-Exclusive to Arthropods
-Used to attract pests and monitor their activity in the landscape
-Usually used to monitor rather than make decisions, but some thresholds are based on trap results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals produced by organisms to communicate with other members of the same species |
|
|
Term
| The two types of pheremones most often used in IPM |
|
Definition
-sex pheromones
-aggregation pheromones |
|
|
Term
| how traps can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| by providing insights into the population trends of the pests |
|
|
Term
| genetic manipulation in IPM |
|
Definition
| utilizes genetic methods to suppress pest populations, typically rendering pests sterile through mating with irradiated mates released into the environment at high numbers |
|
|
Term
| when genetic manipulation is used in IPM |
|
Definition
| in special cases, typically with pests that are spread over restricted areas, with limited immigration and emigration |
|
|
Term
| when genetic manipulation works best in IPM |
|
Definition
| works best for pests that only mate once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of heritable physical or chemical properties of the crop to discourage pest colonization, growth, and/or survival relative to a related, more susceptible crop germplasm |
|
|
Term
| some details about using plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
-Extremely important and typically economical
-Prophylactic management
-Developed using conventional or molecular methods |
|
|
Term
| why plant resistance is economical |
|
Definition
| it reduces labor and material costs associated with pest management of the target pest |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
| must be planned in advance of the crop going out into the environment |
|
|
Term
| cultural practices in IPM |
|
Definition
-Modifications of the cropping system or practices that discourage pest colonization or build up
-Examples are planting date, sanitation, reduced tillage, and use of cover crops |
|
|
Term
| how reduced tillage can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| it minimizes soil erosion, but also has a strong tendency to reduce pressure from insect pests |
|
|
Term
| how cover crops and border planting can be beneficial in IPM |
|
Definition
| Cover crops and border plantings can help encourage beneficial insect populations to build up |
|
|
Term
| what this Biological Control class will focus on |
|
Definition
| the importance of natural mortality in pest management, as well as the active use of biological control agents as components of IPM strategies |
|
|
Term
| the IPM interactions that will be discussed in this class |
|
Definition
| the interactions of biological control with pesticides, plant resistance, and cultural practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which action should be taken to prevent economic loss |
|
|
Term
| Economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
| point at which economic injury begins |
|
|
Term
| once the economic threshold (ET) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the benefits of action outweigh the costs |
|
|
Term
| once the economic injury level (EIL) is exceeded,... |
|
Definition
| the costs of action and losses will outweigh the benefits of acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrate and optimize multiple tactics into an effective strategy that achieves economic, environmental, and social goals |
|
|
Term
| some details about pesticides |
|
Definition
-Materials designed to kill pests
-Most are regulated by EPA
-Efficacy and environmental risks vary among and within classes
-Generally used in response to pests, but some are prophylactic |
|
|
Term
| some pesticides that aren't regulated by the EPA |
|
Definition
-oils
-soaps
-diatomaceous earth |
|
|
Term
| how pesticides are grouped |
|
Definition
| Pesticides are grouped into classes, based on chemical structure and/or general modes of action or target sites |
|
|
Term
| how most pesticides are used |
|
Definition
| therapeutically, in response to pest infestations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used before pests arrive, such as flea treatments |
|
|
Term
| some details about pheremones in IPM |
|
Definition
-Exclusive to Arthropods
-Used to attract pests and monitor their activity in the landscape
-Usually used to monitor rather than make decisions, but some thresholds are based on trap results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals produced by organisms to communicate with other members of the same species |
|
|
Term
| The two types of pheremones most often used in IPM |
|
Definition
-sex pheromones
-aggregation pheromones |
|
|
Term
| how traps can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| by providing insights into the population trends of the pests |
|
|
Term
| genetic manipulation in IPM |
|
Definition
| utilizes genetic methods to suppress pest populations, typically rendering pests sterile through mating with irradiated mates released into the environment at high numbers |
|
|
Term
| when genetic manipulation is used in IPM |
|
Definition
| in special cases, typically with pests that are spread over restricted areas, with limited immigration and emigration |
|
|
Term
| when genetic manipulation works best in IPM |
|
Definition
| works best for pests that only mate once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of heritable physical or chemical properties of the crop to discourage pest colonization, growth, and/or survival relative to a related, more susceptible crop germplasm |
|
|
Term
| some details about using plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
-Extremely important and typically economical
-Prophylactic management
-Developed using conventional or molecular methods |
|
|
Term
| why plant resistance is economical |
|
Definition
| it reduces labor and material costs associated with pest management of the target pest |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of plant resistance in IPM |
|
Definition
| must be planned in advance of the crop going out into the environment |
|
|
Term
| cultural practices in IPM |
|
Definition
-Modifications of the cropping system or practices that discourage pest colonization or build up
-Examples are planting date, sanitation, reduced tillage, and use of cover crops |
|
|
Term
| how reduced tillage can be helpful in IPM |
|
Definition
| it minimizes soil erosion, but also has a strong tendency to reduce pressure from insect pests |
|
|
Term
| how cover crops and border planting can be beneficial in IPM |
|
Definition
| Cover crops and border plantings can help encourage beneficial insect populations to build up |
|
|
Term
| what this Biological Control class will focus on |
|
Definition
| the importance of natural mortality in pest management, as well as the active use of biological control agents as components of IPM strategies |
|
|
Term
| the IPM interactions that will be discussed in this class |
|
Definition
| the interactions of biological control with pesticides, plant resistance, and cultural practices |
|
|
