Term
| What did Kant say about Enlightenment |
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Definition
| "We are not in an Enlightened age, but an age of Enlightenment" Freedom should not be obtained by revolution (only temporary), but by a change in thinking. The church holds the power of confining people to moral codes in the public arena, so religious freedom would allow masses to think for themselves. |
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| Identify Voltaire. What did he write? |
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Definition
French philosopher of the 1700s. Supporter of social reform, criticised French society and the Catholic church. Was exiled after insulting a French aristocrat, de Rohan, and was impressed by Britain's freedom of speech.
Wrote:
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton – (1738)
Candide; or Optimism - (1759) |
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Definition
| German philosopher of the late 1600s. World is the best way that it can be. |
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| Identify John Locke. What did he write? |
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Definition
English philospher of the mid-late 1600s. Rejected the idea of innate ideas, came up with "tabula rasa". Sensationalism: Knoweledge is a sensory experience.
Supporter of human rights. Wrote:
Essay Concerning Human Understanding – (1690) |
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| Identify Marquis du Chatelet |
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Definition
| French. 1700s. Made a French translation of Newton's Principia |
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| Identify Anton Mesmer. Explain Mesmerism |
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Definition
Anton Mesmer
German physicist of the 1700s, came up with his Mesmer theory: Superfine fluid that flows throught space, acts as a magnetic field, can be beneficial to living forms. |
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Term
| Identify Issac Newton. What did he write? |
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Definition
One of the founders of classical physics, astronomy. Came up with law of universal gravitation, no difference in celestial and terrestial mechanics.
Wrote:
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) – 1687
Opticks – 1704
Professor at Cambridge University
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Definition
| Persuaded Newton to write Principia, wrote an ode to him in the forward. Predicted the re-arrival of Halley's comet. Clerk and editor for Royal Society of London |
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| Identify Descarte. What did he write? |
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Definition
| French mathamatician of the 1600s. Father of modern philosophy- i think therefore I am. One of the developers of algebra, analytical geometry. Radically broke ideas of traditional cosmology (these ideas helped Newton a lot). Idea of gravitation. Co-discovered Snell's law, infinite universe-not finite cosmos. |
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Definition
| Polish mathamatician, physician, astronomer of the 1500s. Heliocentricism, influenced Kepler. |
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| Smith, An Inquiry in to the Nations and Causes of the Wealth of the Nations |
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Definition
| Production of man is the same as teh production of a commodity. It speeds up/slows in response to demand. Limit of substinence is what controls production of men. |
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| Give a difference between the Cartesians and the Newtonians |
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Definition
Newtonian: Earth is shaped like an oblate spheroid (onion)
Cartesian: Earth is shaped like a prolate spheroid (lemon)
Newton was proved correct by the Lapland and Peru (circumferance of equator) measured expeditions |
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Term
| When were the Lapland and Peru Expeditions? Who led them? |
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Definition
Lapland: Maupertuis and Clairault, above Sweden, 1736-1737
Peru: 1735-1744, Charles LeCondamine |
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Term
| What were the "Geometers" |
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Definition
not physicists, skilled in calculus, algebra, geometry etc.
most didn't do experiments, following Newton's Principia |
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Term
| Explain the differnce between the Laputans and the Lagodos. |
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Definition
Laputans: Math and music, on a mountain suspended in the sky, needed servants to remind them to eat.
Lagados: grounded on earth, practical, experimentors. |
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| Define the Experimentalists |
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Definition
| Called themselves physicists. Try to understand basic natural phenomena. Invent or improve instruments. Like Newton's Optiks |
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Definition
hung wire from ceiling with horizontal metal bar on it, on one end of jar wire leading to jar, amber moving sphere on other side
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Definition
| A type of logic set out to prove what you already know (like in the bible). Highly constrained. |
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Term
| Who created the first air balloons? The first hot air balloons? Who was the first man to ride one? |
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Definition
| Dolphi paper manufacturers. First man up Pilatie de Rosier. |
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Definition
| Frenchman, 1750-1830s. Started out as a French soldier, became a lecturer at the King's gardens. Got interested in organization Lamarck splits the plants and animals into different scales, sets it into motion, inherited changes. |
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Definition
| Early 1800s. French, Napoleon made him in charge of the non-catholic religious groups from. Did comparative anatomy "principle of correlation of parts". did vertebrate fossil recon, reality of extinction. Reclassified animal kingdom into four branches, vertebrata mollusca articulata radiata. Importance of studying adaption, homologous structures. |
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Definition
| started looking at the black rock in France. |
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Definition
| 1770s, Neptunism: A great primeaval flood. Was at the mining school of Freiberg, published on "species of mieral" Described the mineral content and sequence of rock layers (descriptive stratigraphy) |
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Definition
| Contrast to Werner's Neptunism "cannot invoke a single giganttic event to explain the present. Need to use observable forces: erosion, oppositional force. Werner's theory was more popular because it invoked the flood. |
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Definition
| Scottish, 1820s, geology, univormitarianism. Looked at Mt. Etna |
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Definition
| Born 1809 to upperclass wealthy family. Went to Edinburgh for medical school, didn't like it. Went to Cambridge for clerge/natural history. John Henslow suggested him to go as captain's companian with Robert Fitzroyon the beagle. John Wedgewood approved. Voyage of beagle 1831-1836. Coast of South America, galapagos. Read Malthus's essay on the principle of pop. Campe up with natural selection. Pushed publication off until 1859 when he received Wallaces' letter |
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Definition
| Mid Late 1800s, British. Had famous debat with Soapy Samual Wilberfurce. Known as Darwin's bulldog, pushed for his theory of natural selection. Wrote On Man's Place in Nature. 1863. |
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| American, 1860s. Fossil record of the horse, saw it as proof of adaptation through time as horses switched from browsers to grazers. |
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| Condorcet, The Future Progress of the Human Mind |
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Definition
Technological advances = happier and more productive society, less work to do.
Population will become too large to sustain itself, resulting in loss. Ossiclation between good and bad.
BUT if reason progresses alongside with science, we will never reach this point because men will know it is not good to bring people into the world who cannot be supported. |
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Term
Godwin, Of Avarice and Profusion
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Definition
| The difference between "riches" and "poverty" is unavoidable in a society where all do not share the labor. This inequality is due to rich and avaricious men. True wealth is the labor of man, rich compels poor to do labor for him. His luxuries hurt the poor. |
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| Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Definition
| Response to Smith, Condorcet, Godwin. Limits of human perfectibility because food is necessary and we will always reproduce (Godwin denies this) to attain perfectibility. Substinance grows at an arithmetic rate while population at an exponential, large portion of the population suffers as a result. But the population cannot be checked without misery (wars, labor, etc) |
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Definition
| American author, late 1800s early1900s, inspired by social Darwinism. |
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| Englist philosopher, late 1800s. Was a Lamarckian, but coined the term "survival of the fittest". |
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| Late 1700s, Swedish. naturalist. Published on insects. |
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