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| Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude. |
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| Anyone born in the US a citizen of the US and the state they are born in. |
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| Right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color, previous servitude. |
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| General Sherman promised all freedmen 40 acres and a mule. Created from a 30 mile wide tract of land along the Atlantic coast. |
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| It was to help freedmen obtain land, gain an education, negotiate labor contracts with white planbters, settle legal and criminal disputes, provide food, medial care, an d transportation for black and white people left destitute by the war. It was unsuccessful and few blacks were helped. General Howard advocated for the freedmen. |
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| Johnson ordered that all lands that were given to blacks due to Special Field Order #15 be returned to the white owners. |
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| the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. The bill passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect. |
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| Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan |
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| It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, elect a state government and abolish slavery. |
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| The black codes sought to ensure the availability of a subservient agricultural labor supply controlled by white people. |
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| They were more militant republicans who were against Johns and determined to transform the racial fabric of American society by including black people in the political and economic system. |
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| The 12 years following the Civil War, during which the former Confederat staes were restored to the Union and former slaves became citzens and gained the right to vote and hold politcal office. |
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| General William T. Sherman |
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| Advocate for freedmen. Issued special field order #15. |
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| Also known as the Force Acts, these measures were passed by Congress in the early 1870s to undermine the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organizations by authorizing the president to use military force and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. |
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| This act nullified the black codes and made African Americans citizens with the basic rights of life, liberty, and due process.Linked with the 14th Amendment. Johnson vetoed but it still passed. |
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| It outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels, restaurants, railroad coaches and steamboats. The Supreme Court invalidated it in 1883. |
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| It created a commission to monitor violations of black civil rights and to propose remedies for infringements on black voting. it upgraded the Civil Rights Section into a division within the Justice Department and gave it the power to sue states and municipalities that discriminate on the basis of race. |
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| Federal law banning discrimination in places of public accommodation. |
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| Democrats accepted a Hayes victory, but Hayes let southern Democrats know he would not support Republican governments in FL, LA, and SC. Republican adminstration in those states collapsed. Democrats took control. The states of the south basically went back into the hands of the men that held them as slaves. |
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| The belief that through natural selection the strong would thrive, prosper and reproduce, while the weak would falter, fail, and die. |
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| She was a black activist who protested lynching and unfair treatment of black people. |
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| At least 105 African Americans were murdered on Easter Sunday in 1873 in Colfax, LA in the single worst episode of violence during Reconstruction. |
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| A method southern states used to disfranchise black men. It stipulated that only men whose grandfathers wre eligible to vote were themselves eligible to vote. It was invalidated in 1915. |
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| he Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges or Immunities clause affected only rights of United States citizenship and not state citizenship. Therefore the butchers' Fourteenth Amendment rights had not been violated. |
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| She was 8 months pregnant, but a lyching mob after killing her husband tired her upside down from a tree slit her stomach. The unborn fetus fell out and men began to stomp it. They then set her clothes on fire. |
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| A great jazz vocalist whose career took shape during the Depression also used her art to challenge the oppression of black people. Nicknamed "Lady Day". |
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| William Garner sues due to KY poll tax of $1.50. The Supreme Court ruled the 15th doesn't give the right to vote to everyone. |
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| After 105 were killed in the Colfax Massacre in LA whites were taken to trial. They appealed to Sup. Crt. after being found guilt. Sup. Crt. found them not guilty because the 14th restricts states not individuals. |
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| Black migrants who left the South during and after Reconstruction and settled in Kansas and OK in often all black towns. 1865-1880 40,000+ migrated. |
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| A charismatic ex-slave from TN who persuaded several hundred to migrate with the Exodusters. |
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| There was an all white jury. In 1896 in an 8 to 1 decision, the US Sup. Crt. ruled that segregation did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th. It established the "separate but equal" doctrine which stated in effect until 1954 Brown v. B. of Ed. |
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| Cumming v. Richmond Co.Board of Ed. |
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| Black parents protested the lack of public schools for blacks. The US Sup. Crt. refused to accept balck parnts' contention that this violated the "separate but equal" doctrine. |
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| In 1898 the Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters. |
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| Became the nation's leading apostle of industrial training. He founded Tuskegee University. |
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| He believed more emphasis should be placed on developing an educated elite who would take the lead in solving the race problem. The first black man to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard. He wrote The Souls of Black Folk. |
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| Du Bois invited 29 elite black people who no longer accepted the loss of the right to vote, to Niagara Falls in Canada. They insisted that white people did not know what was best for black people. They appealed for better schools, health care, and housing. |
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| The NAACP was determined that black citizens should fully enjoy the civil and political rights the Constitution guaranteed to all citizens. It relied on judicial and legislative systems to bring about change. |
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| Its goal was to alleviate conditons black people encountered as they moved into large cities in every increasing number during the early twentieth century. |
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| She was born to slave parents but became one of Washington's black elite. She married Robert Terrell a judge. Terrell, Wells and Du bois were the most influential members of NAACP. She also founded the National Association of Colored Women. |
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| 1931-37 5 black boys were accused of raping two white women on a train. They were tried 4 times. Clarence Norris was sentenced to death the others were eventually pardoned. |
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| Many whites attacked blacks during this summer. The riots followed postwar social tensions related to the demobilization of veterans of World War I, both black and white, and competition for jobs among ethnic whites and blacks. |
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| The city's leading black newspaper. Its founder was Robert Abbot. By 1920 it had a nationwide circulation of 230,000. |
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| Thomas Dixon, "The Clansman" |
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| This novel made into the movie "Birth of a Nation" by D. W. Griffith depicted Reconstruction in SC. Immoral and ignorant Negroes and Republicans seize control of the government until the KKK saves the day. |
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| The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970. |
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| Roosevelt's "black cabinet" |
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| A core of highly placed African American social scientists. Mary McLeod Bethune was a leader of this body. They pressured the president and the heads of federal agenicies to adopt and support colorblind polices and lobbied to advance the economic, educational and social status of black Americans. |
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| He was a socialist and the "general organizer" of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. |
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| Victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. It was the battle cry for black people. |
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| A. Philip Randolph's 1941 proposed March on Washington symbolized the possibilities of the Double V campaign. The threat of 100,000 united African Americans marching on Washington to demand equal rights moved President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries. The proposed March on Washington sent a powerful message that victory for democracy in the world required the full extension of democracy to African Americans. |
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| President Truman's polices for black equality. Among them were police professionalization, federal protection of black voting rights, enforcement of antilynching laws, and an end to segregation in schools, housing, and public accommodations. |
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| Truman issued this for the desegregation of the armed forces in 1948. |
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| An all black pursuit squadron of fighter planes.They flew over 15,5000 sorties and completed 1578 missions and escorted 200 heavy bombers deep into Germany's Rhineland. |
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| After ammunition exploded 328 of the surviving black enlistees were sent to load ammunition on another ship. When they refused, fifty men were singled out and charged—and convicted—of mutiny. It was the largest mutiny trial in U.S. naval history. |
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| Southern Regional Council (SRC) |
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| Composed of blacks and white liberals who were devoted to expanding democracy in the south.They did research and focused attention on the political, social and educational inequalities endemic to black life in the South. |
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| She was outspoken against the Vietnam War and a fierce advocate of women's rights. She was the first A.A. woman to serve in Congress. |
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| was a prominent African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws, which earned him the title The Man Who Killed Jim Crow. He is also well known for having trained future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. |
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| Ran for president 1984 and 1988 |
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| Race is okay as a factor in graduate school admission because diversity is needed. |
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| Use of a race quota in undergrad admission is illegal. |
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| It overturned the Democratic Party's use of all-white primaries in Texas, and other states where the party used the rule. |
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| was an 11-member commission established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future. |
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| Founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale on October 15, 1966, the organization initially set forth a doctrine calling primarily for the protection of African-American neighborhoods from police brutality.[2] |
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| Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party |
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| was an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement. It was organized by black and white Mississippians, with assistance from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), to challenge the legitimacy of the white-only US Democratic Party. |
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| prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. |
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| was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. |
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| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. |
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| was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960. |
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| was the 36th Governor of Arkansas, serving from 1955 to 1967. He is best known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of the Little Rock School District during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African-American students from attending Little Rock Central High School |
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